Disney Products and Child Labor - 734 Words

One of the happiest places on earth is slaved by child labor. Walt Disney, the self-made American tradition that supposed to represent imagition and bring joy, happiness and universal means of communication. Walt Disney is one of the biggest companies that have child labor going on. These less fortunate children are slaving making toy, books, clothes and etc. for children who are having one of the happiest times of their lives. There are human rights violations being committed. These children are threatening physically, mentally and emotionally. Children are being sold by their parents to work off near impossible debts. These children are defenseless against bullying, beating and sexually abuse. Physical harm including stunted growth, permanent injuries, illness, traumatization, rape, and death. Since these children that slave child labor don’t know any better they are easily controlled and threaten into obedience. These children are to grow up to be unskilled, uneducated adults and so is the next generation because this ruthless cycle is going to continue. All these children that are slaving to make these different items share the same basic needs for safety, food, sleep, hygiene, and medical care. When being punished they are giving fines that include forgetting to turn the lights off and showing up to work late. These fines can cost up to two months of pay which devastates many because they are already poor people. Sometimes employers give consta nt fines so the womanShow MoreRelatedDisney s Ethical Conduct Comprises The Statement1215 Words   |  5 Pages(The Walt Disney Company). They also say that they strive to follow the law in all means necessary and that their goals include the following: â€Å"disclose relevant citizenship information in a timely manner; integrate citizenship into the day to day decision making of leadership; engage with our stakeholders on a regular basis; integrate citizenship into the responsibilities of every Disney employee; and respect human rights within our operations,† (China Labor Watch). Instead of Disney actually runningRead MoreSocial Responsibility And Corporate Responsibility1165 Words   |  5 Pagesworkplace. Higher morale leads to greater productivity and sales potential. Keywords: Social responsibility, Social irresponsibility, Walt Disney, Nestle, The Walt Disney Company is well known globally and is worth over $150 billion (Caplinger, 2016). In 2011 Jane  Goodall  Global Leadership Awards were presented and, the Walt Disney Company was the winner for Corporate Social Responsibility. This award recognizes corporations and businesses that strive to improve the worldRead MoreEssay on Against Sweatshops1143 Words   |  5 PagesSome companies have acceded to public pressure to reduce or end their use of sweatshops. Such firms often publicize the fact that their products are not made with Anti-globalization activists and environmentalists also deplore transfer of heavy industrial manufacturing (such as chemical production) to the developing world. Although chemical factories have little in common with sweatshops in the original sense, detractors describe them as such and claim that there are negative environmental and healthRead MoreThe Exploitation of Low-Income Countries by High-Income Countries1392 Words   |  6 Page sproposes many appealing arguments this paper will focuses on the dependency theory and its arguments â€Å"towards relieving the suffering of hungry people† (Macionis et al., 2005, pg 222). This paper will look at multinational corporations like GAP  ® and Disney World  ®, which are huge business industries operating in low-income countries. The cause for the underdevelopment of low-income countries is not due to cultural or technological reasons, but rather to the exploitation of low-income nations by multinationalRead MoreWalt Disney s Corporate Strategy1610 Words   |  7 Pagesfollowing; - creating high-quality family content by incorporating a diverse range of businesses to its structure - to be a brand for every member of the family, not only children – such as Disney theme parks and resorts, its media network includes ESPN and ABC, Disney Cruise Line, studio productions, consumer products and interactive media channels. - make entertainment experiences more memorable by staying on the cutting edge of technological innovations and continuously adding new values to its organizationsRead MoreThe United States Electoral College1009 Words   |  5 PagesFolk religion, 21.9%, Buddhist, 18.2%, Christian, 5.1%, Muslim, 1.8%, Jewish and Hindu are both less than 0.1% (CIA World Factbook, 2015). Demographically, there are more males than females. Recently, the Chinese government lifted their ban of one child maximum per family (Burkitt, 2015). China’s government In 2013, XI Jinping was elected as President by the National People’s Congress. The National People’s Congress takes the role of the United States’ Electoral College. China has one primary politicalRead MoreThe Value Of A Life1415 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough American factories. This process, though, is not always a fair one. Haiti and China are both countries with bad labor regulations, usually by American influence, and this hurts the welfare of these countries as a whole, the individuals in these countries, and the morality of America. Dupuy (2014) writes that Haiti’s people, trapped working in factories for cheap labor, are faced with a hard life and various brutalities. Both adults and children must live these lives of horrible situationsRead Morecsr of walt disney1098 Words   |  5 Pagesenvironment CSR OF WALT DISNEY COMPANY â€Å" CSR is not a cosmetic, it must be rooted in our values, it must make a difference to the way we do our business† WALT DISNEY CO. The Walt Disney Company is one of the largest and most well-known corporations practicing Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) all the way down the line in their business model. As the largest media and entertainment conglomerate in the world, and aside from its constant  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Imagineering†, Disney has a tremendous responsibilityRead MoreBehind The Deception Created By Apple s Claim Essay2017 Words   |  9 PagesBehind the deception created by Apple’s claim, â€Å"We focus on making the world’s best products and enriching people’s lives,† their employees lack the basic rights their consumers, unlike them, receive. The Chinese government, the host of the largest labor force globally, is distinguished for their unwillingness to protect the civil liberties of their people. Corporations flock to China, most notably Apple and Walt Disney, in order to abuse the loose enforcement of their laws, cutting costs by infringingRead MoreEssay on Disney’s Capitalization on American Roots1658 Words   |  7 PagesThe Disney Corporation has in many ways infiltrated American culture. What was once a small business has grown into the world’s largest media and entertainment syndicate in relation to their revenue, which in 2010 was $38,063 million (Disney 2010 fourth quarter). Not only do they produce movies but they also own their own resorts, cruises, theme parks, massive amounts of marketing products, and even their own town. Through careful examination of the semiotic implications in many of Disney’s marketing

Community School Team Members Effectively Executing The...

Question #3: Are Community School team members effectively executing the mission and implementing goals? In evaluating Question #3, we propose using Criteria #5: the Successful Implementation and Operation of the Community School Team as the goal that is assessed by several subcomponents including staff development, environment/climate, social science research and program administration and organization standard. Each subcomponent has its own metrics that need to be met (see below). The specific evaluation questions and indicators associated with each subcomponent are outlined in the Evaluation Criteria Chart (Appendix L). Staff Development: In year 1: 60% of staff (CBO staff and school staff) will participate in staff development†¦show more content†¦Although outcomes can reassure key stakeholders of programming and provide an opportunity to create sustainable systems, structures and programming that need to be modified to meet the goals for year 2. For Question #3, we use a variety of evaluation designs such as process [X/O], post-treatment [X O] and pretest/posttest [O1 X O2]. Each design is correlated with different evaluation subcomponents. Staff Development The design proposed to evaluate staff development is a process design using a convenience sample. The methods associated with this component include a document review of professional development meeting agendas, minutes and attendance sheets, a staff manual, completed personnel feedback forms, staff evaluation, copies of resumes that align with job postings, and the number of professional development hours and topics provided to staff. Most of this information will be obtained during site visits in the fall and spring. Most of the documents required are also listed in the observation checklist that evaluators should request during their site visits (Appendix E). The observation checklist was created to support a comparable funding stream 21CCLC. This list was created by the 21CCLC Grant Management Team based on the New York State Education Department site monitoring form and New York State Afterschool Network (NYSAN) QSA Tool. The New York State Education Department monitoring form is used to by NYSED to monitor and

Cleopatra Essay Research Paper Cleopatra The Story free essay sample

Cleopatra Essay, Research Paper Cleopatra, The Story of a Queen Ludwig Summary of Chapter V ; Chanatos As portion of the squad presentation, the members of my group and I each read a chapter of Cleopatra by Ludwig. We were each responsible for sum uping our several subdivisions, and we created a coaction of all the sum-ups, which was presented before the category. The subdivision that will be farther summarized is the concluding chapter of the book, the decision to Cleopatra s life. This concluding chapter depicts the concluding two old ages of Cleopatra s life and all the tests and trials that she endured. It deems her as a courageous adult female of her clip with great inherent aptitudes as she was approximately to confront her concluding fate. Since Cleopatra hesitated to take sides in the civil war following her darling Caesar s decease, Mark Antony summoned her to run into with him to explicate her behavior. We will write a custom essay sample on Cleopatra Essay Research Paper Cleopatra The Story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Roman shortly fell victim to her appeals and returned with her to Egypt. After populating with her for some clip, Antony felt compelled to return to Rome, where he married Octavia, a sister of Octavian. In malice of being married to Octavia, when Antony went to the East in bid of an expedition, he sent for Cleopatra. She joined him at the Antioch. After his licking, she joined him in Syria with military personnels and supplies. Afterwards, followings a more successful run against the Parthians, he celebrated his victory at Alexandria and he continued to shack in Egypt. Cleopatra, exposing her commanding ways, wanted Antony all to herself. Octavian so declared war on Cleopatra, and Antony in retaliation, divorced Octavia. Against the advocate of Antony s advisors, Cleopatra insisted on taking portion in the resulting run. At the naval conflict of Actium, believing Antony s def eat to be inevitable, she withdrew her fleet from Action and fled to Alexandria. On the attack of Octavian, Antony, deceived by a false study of the queen s decease, fell by his ain manus. Cleopatra made some efforts to convey Octavian under her appeals, but neglecting in this and hearing that he intended to exhibit her in his victory at Rome, she killed herself by toxicant. Octavian put Caesarion, her boy by Caesar, to decease. Throughout the full coda, Cleopatra was portrayed as an highly intelligent adult female, who aimed to affect and suppress. She was commanding and determined. She made uninterrupted aggravations, and she was non afraid to follow through on her actions. This book is non recommended as a research beginning, because there is no cogent evidence of it holding factual content. It was written in 1937, and was non a university publication. The book, nevertheless enlightening it may be, is rather deceptive. The ground for this is that the writer had no footers, nor a bibliography to endorse up any of his points of position or any of his statements. The narration was 3rd individual, and was from a point of view of the 1930 s. It is typical of a historiographer from that epoch due to the vocabulary that was used, and the focal point it took on. This book is nevertheless recommended as a show of the 1930 s historical positions and vocabulary. Overall, the book brought up many interesting points about Cleopatra and her personality. The book claimed that she was one of the most astute and intelligent adult females of her clip. She had a thirst for esthesis, and was full of enthusiasm. The writer did an first-class occupation in portraying Cleopa tra as such a adult female. Even as she faced her fate, she did so with pride, and was able to look back at her many achievements. The decease of Cleopatra symbolized that power, nevertheless strong it may be, does non last everlastingly.

To What Extent Was Russia Modernised During the Personal Reign of Peter the Great Essay Example

To What Extent Was Russia Modernised During the Personal Reign of Peter the Great Essay Over the years, many historians have debated over whether or not Peter the Great was able to modernise Russia, some like Shcherbatov argue that â€Å"without Peter, Russia would have needed another two hundred years to reach its current level of developments† or if he just simply conducted enough reforms which allowed for the other Russian Emperors to modernise Russia. For us to say that Pater was able to modernise Russia it would mean that Russia would have to have similar standards of education and culture to that of other European powers. This lead to Peter conducting many reforms in administration, economy, education, church, cultural aspects of Russia, finance and the military. In this essay I will be investigating to what extent did Peter reform these areas and then I shall come to a conclusion on to what extent I believe Peter the Great was able to modernise his reign.Peter the Great had a very different childhood from that of previous Tsars before him. He grew up in th e German province of Preobrazhenskoy this had a great effect on how he was as a leader of Russia, it was here that he saw the importance of education and even mocked the church in the drunken synod. But another effect of living in this area of Russia was the great influence from the west. This made Peter a modern thinking man for the age, growing up in Preobrazhenskoy it allowed for him to see that rank wasn’t that important to running a country and started to believe that those who were good at their jobs were the ones who should be helping him not only win battles but also help him govern the country. It could be argued that if Peter had not grown up in this area of Russia he may not have wanted to push as many reforms as he did on such a wide area of issues.Peter investigated the west himself and travelled Europe during the early years of his reign as Tsar of Russia. He then started to disregard the traditional Russian dress and adopted western clothes from 1690; this is t he opposite of what his father Alexis had done where he banned Germanic clothing as to detect Germans in church services. This lead to the nobility within the courts to also adopt westernised clothing as they believed it would please Peter. However this small reform was not adopted across the whole of Russia. The main reason for this was that Peter also adopted the western fashion of being clean shaven, the Russian Orthodox Church says that if men allow their beards to grow they look more like Jesus and therefore devoted to God, they also believed that by shaving off your beard you were quite feminine.To try and get the Russian people to conform to this reform Peter began to cut off men’s beards himself and when this too also proved to be ineffective he introduced a bead and coat tax to encourage men to become clean shaven and to wear more westernised clothes. Peter wanted to change how the Russians looked as they were seen as â€Å"backwards† and â€Å"barbaric† by the rest of Europe. To try and convince the Russian people to become more modernised he published books such as â€Å"the honourable mirror of youth†. These books showed the Russian people how to act in a civilised way. There were two problems with this policy, one was that the Russian people did not believe that they were barbaric and that there was no need for them to change how they were, and another was that the vast majority of the population couldn’t read so the books were useful.Another way Peter promoted the idea of looking western was through the use of propaganda paintings where he would always be seen as clean shaven and with a more westernised style of clothing. It was supposed to show to other European leaders that Peter was not the barbarian they believed him or Russia to be and it was meant to show the Russian people that this was the best way forward for the Russian people even if it felt PeterThis links to Peters reforms on education, Lindsey Hugh es comments on education in Russia saying that â€Å"at the begging of Peters reign, the learning gap was probably the widest† . This quote shows us how poor education was prior to Peters reign, Hughes also says that not only was the worst education in the west but it was also worse than some of its eastern countries. Peter attempted to reform education on several occasions. His first attempt was in 1701, when Peter established the Moscow School of Mathematical Science and Navigation. With the help with foreigners this school was created. Many Russians including those form old noble families were highly against this as traditionally the Russians did not like the help of foreigners. Another reform came in 1715; Peter then then moved the Mathematical Science and Navigation to Moscow where the name was then changed to the â€Å"Naval Academy. The people who then came out of these schools went on to become sailors engineers, architects some graduates went on to teach in the prov inces. In 1721; these academy’s then expanded and diocese schools where then set up and 42 schools in 6 years. These schools were supposed to encourage the normal people of Russia to get an education.However there were problems with this, most of the academies were mostly filled with children from Russian noble families and even then the families were not that keen on sending their children to these academies, a problem facing the diocese schools was that the peasants were not prepared to send their children to these schools as they thought it was a waste of time sending their children to them when they would only ever be peasants themselves. Peter also aimed to improve people’s basic maths and literacy with those who live in poorer social backgrounds. There were once again issues with the reforms Peter tried to implement as he introduced in 1706 the Russian grammar book. However more problems faced the schools as the institutions were badly funded and had a lack of te achers which meant most of the teachers were in fact foreigners. In the case of education I would say that peter did make some successful reforms to the education systems however these were not enough to modernise the Russian education system.One of Peters biggest achievements in terms of culture was the building of St Petersburg. Peters window on the west became a symbol of civilised society and looked very western as Peter took great influences from all over the world, Marshall says that â€Å"foreign influence was everywhere† when building St Petersburg.. The construction of St Petersburg took place from 1703, A St Petersburg is built in a strategically place of being close to the river Narva allowing Peter access to the Baltic sea which allowed him to establish new trade routes and encourage merchants to come and live in St Petersburg. As I stated previously Peter took many influences from across Europe in the design of St Petersburg, churches were based upon ones in Lond on and the town houses Peter wanted his nobility to build were based upon merchant houses Peter had seen on his travels in Amsterdam.Peter bought in the Italian architect Domenico Trezzini who had great experience in building on marsh land which St Petersburg was built upon. During construction Trezzini split the workers (all of whom were recruited through the provinces and were made to work on building St Petersburg) into sections and they in turn worked on one section of St Petersburg. From 1714 onwards any worker outside of St Petersburg was not allowed to use stone, Peter did this to encourage masons to come and live and work in St Petersburg which, would give Peter more skilled workers and then would lead to St Petersburg being completed quicker. The biggest reasoning as to why St Petersburg is a crucial factor when looking at how far Peter modernised Russia is that it Peters â€Å"Window on the west† because a rival to other European cities of culture such as Paris. It became a centre for art in Russia and after Peters reign Catherine the Great turns St Petersburg into one of the culture capitals of the world.The biggest change in terms of reform when investigating to what extent did Peter modernise Russia is the reforms he made to the church. Religion was important to any Tsar as it meant a communication to his people as religion was a prominent aspect in everyone’s lives. It was the spiritual counter part of the Tsar. The patriarch who was the head of the Orthodox church had a great amount of influence to which, Peter felt some people, especially those who did not like his westernised ideas would follow the views of the traditional patriarch and ignore Peters wants and aims. The patriarch was also incredibly wealthy as he looked after nine thousand peasants houses which were built on church land. Peter felts angry that many people joined monasteries as to avoid there compulsory military service.At the end of 1701 Peter put forward the ref orm that monks could only live on allowance of 10 roubles per year this came about not only because of many people using this a loop hole as too avoid joining the army but also because of the drunken state of many of these monks. In 1709 Peter decreed that all bishops had a limited income which meant they could only look after their households and no more. This meant Peter now had full control of the church. Peters also controlled through â€Å"The Sub junction if the Church to the State† . In 1700mthe old patriarch died to further establish his power Peter appointed Stefan Yavorski as a â€Å"acting† patriarch, this allowed Peter to reduce the control of the patriarch as anything which is acting has considerable less power than those who actually were patriarch. To further put reforms further 1716 Peter said that all new bishops must take an oath to say that they promised not to interefer.

Oral Speaking free essay sample

A smile costs nothing, but gives much. It enriches those who receive, without making poorer those who give. It takes a moment, but the memory of it sometimes lasts forever. None is so rich or mighty that he can get along without it, and none is so poor, but that he can be made rich by it. A smile creates happiness In the home, fosters good will In business, and Is the countersign of friendship. It brings rest to the weary, cheer to the discouraged, enshrine to the sad, and it is natures best antidote for trouble. Yet it cannot be bought, begged, borrowed, or stolen, for it is something that is of no value to anyone, until It Is given away. Some people are too tired to give you a smile; Give them one of yours, as none needs a smile so much as he who has no more to give. We will write a custom essay sample on Oral Speaking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One Step. Foolish people with all their other thoughts, have this one too: They are always getting ready to live, but never living, Your success will start when you begin to pursue it. To reach your goal or to attain success, you dont need to know all of the answers in advance.You Just need to have a clear Idea of what your goal Is. Dont procrastinate when faced with difficult problems. Break your problems into parts, and handle one part at a time. Develop tendencies toward taking action. You can make something happen right now. Divide your big plan into small steps and take that first step right away. Everyone who ever got where they are had to begin where they were. Your big opportunity Is where you are right now. A Journey of a thousand miles begins with one step. Take it. Life Is A Gift. Today before you think of saying an unkind word- 1 OFF Before you complain about the taste of your food- think of someone who has nothing to eat. Today before you complain about life- think of someone who went too early to heaven. Before you argue about your dirty house, someone didnt clean or sweep- think of the people who are living in the streets. Before whining about the distance you drive- hind of someone who walks the same distance with their feet.And when you are tired and complain about your Job- think of the unemployed, the disabled and those who wished they had your Job. But before you think of pointing the finger or condemning another- remember that not one of us are without sin and we all answer to one maker. And when depressing thoughts seem to get you down- put a smile on your face and thank God youre alive and still around.

Book Of Mormon Is False Essays - Book Of Mormon Witnesses

Book Of Mormon Is False Essays - Book Of Mormon Witnesses Book Of Mormon Is False An Examination of the Book of Mormon and its Chief Witnesses Joseph Smith, the founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints claimed that he received the Book of Mormon as a revelation from God. He said that the heavenly being Moroni appeared to him and directed him to some buried gold plates which contained ancient writings. His task then, was to translate these ancient writings with the help of seer stones which were also buried with the gold plates. Smith received strict directions from the heavenly being that he was to show the plates to no one except for appointed individuals. The Book of Mormon in its preface identifies these as eleven persons: the three witnesses and the eight witnesses. A student of religion would now be interested in knowing something about these witnesses, for only then can we evaluate their worth as witnesses. The Book of Mormon names the three witnesses as Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, and Martin Harris. The book also names the eight witnesses as follows: Christian Whitmer, Jacob Whitmer, Peter Whitmer, Jr., John Whitmer, Hiram Page, Joseph Smith, Sr., Hyrum Smith, and Samuel H. Smith. Who were these persons? And what can we know about them that would give us reason to either believe or disbelieve them as witnesses in this most important matter? A good place to look for information would be the publications of the Mormons themselves, since they should more than anyone else be interested in preserving histories of their principal witnesses. This approach could be used at least as a starting point for gathering information before further scrutiny and investigative work. In this study I would like to turn to two books published by the Mormons to find information about the chief witnesses. The first book is the Doctrine and Covenant, a book of authoritative scriptures for the Mormons. The second book is Church History Timeline by William W. Slaughter, published by Desert Book Company, in Salt Lake City, Utah, 1996. What follows is a brief look at the information these books contain about the witnesses and other key persons associated with the Book of Mormon. My intention here is not to provide a summary of the entire body of information but only to show that what we learn from these books do not give us much confidence in the witnesses and hence in the Book of Mormon itself. The first of the three witnesses is Oliver Cowdery, a rural schoolteacher. He was a scribe to Joseph Smith, and associate president of the Church. In April 12,1838 he was excommunicated from the Mormon Church. He was rebaptized ten years later in November 1848 and died March 3, 1850. Reading this, one must wonder why this chief witness was excommunicated during the lifetime of Joseph Smith his prophet, and be allowed back in the church after his prophet died. Smith was martyred on June 27, 1844. The second of the three witnesses is Martin Harris. He was a prosperous farmer who was known as industrious, honest, and generous. It was his $3000 that financed the first 5,000 copies of the Book of Mormon. But, as William Slaughter informs us: Harris clashed with Church leaders over monetary practices and was excommunicated in December 1837; he was rebaptized November 27, 1842. (Church History Timeline, p. 5). The same Martin Harris was given 116 pages of the book of Mormon after Joseph Smith had translated them with the help of the seer stones. But then he allowed wicked men to take these pages for the purpose of corrupting the translation and then to accuse Joseph Smith of falsehood in his prophetic claim. Why would Martin Harris do this? The Doctrine and Covenants explains that he was a wicked man who sought to destroy Joseph Smith. Joseph Smith relates in his history how Martin Harris had previously taken sample characters from the book of Mormon along with the relevant translation of those characters and received confirmation of these in New York City from a professor Charles Anton and Dr. Mitchell. These men attested that the characters were true characters of the Egyptian, Chaldaic, Assyriac and Arabic, and that the translation so far done by Joseph Smith was accurate. Now, one may wonder why did Harris, after he had received this confirmation, should seek to destroy Joseph Smith. And what value should we attach to the testimony of a man who sought to destroy one whom he believed was God's prophet? Since the Doctrine and Covenants call Harris a wicked man,

Christopher Brumfits British Studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christopher Brumfits British Studies - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that â€Å"British Studies† by Christopher Brumfit examines the growing interest in British studies from various points of view— the curriculum developer, teacher-mediator, students from within the UK and from outside, and from an omniscient socio-cultural, economic, political, and philosophical vantage view. As stated by Brumfit, â€Å"†¦ the learners construct their own meanings by a process of engagement with appropriate data.† The writing of this analysis is the researcher's engagement with data. Further, according to Brumfit, â€Å"†¦ construction of effective meaning depends on being able to integrate new understanding with the sets of categories that are already used to deal with the previous experience. This paper illustrates that thus learning depends on the interaction between the new and the old.† The present research has identified that although Brumfit said this within the context of the st udents’ learning about Britain as integrated with the knowledge and understanding they already have, the researcher find it worthy to cite this premise, because it is also within this mindset that he is doing this critical analysis of the generic British studies, not Brumfit’s â€Å"British Studies,† as critical analysis of the latter also invites reading of many other equally interesting sources.... (BritishCouncil.org) The 1991 British Council list of library materials includes books on economics, education, geography, language, law, literature, politics, science, religion, sports and theatre along with customs, food, monarchy, television, and other less serious topics. (Brumfit 45). More than the content of the studies, what matters more is the realistic assessment of what the learners bring to the study in the beginning (Brumfit 51) such as their understanding of their own culture, specifically in the case of foreign students, as well as their understanding of the British culture. Why study Britain To perpetuate the vested interest of the powerful Brumfit's work is full of complexities and ambiguities, presenting so much ideas without sewing them up with a single thread that will unify and conclude into something concrete and optimistic. It is fortunate that clear goals and constant purpose have been achieved by the government for British studies now and up to 2010 and beyond. In the 28-page Making a World of Difference (2006) publication by the British Council, it can be gathered that British studies is intercultural and for the sake of the changing world. The purpose is to build mutually beneficial relationships between people in the UK and other countries. Some 10,000 influential young people in the UK and a range of other countries will have the skills and relationships to take the world community into a new era of intercultural exchange and understanding. British studies has come to mean the study of Britain by foreign students. The policy makers, with the support of universities have intended this to be so because of these crucial 21st century UK imperatives-the growing importance of the relation with China, India, and

Religion And Politics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Religion And Politics - Research Paper Example These are the fundamentals questions of this study. In addressing the research questions, we will use the method of case study. The study will focus on the Islamic Republic of Iran because it is currently the most vocal Islamic Republic against the western world. In doing the study, we shall be using the most recent works of authors considered authoritative on the subject. In this study, we shall use peer-reviewed journal articles. We expect that the use of academic journals provide adequate quality control for our sources of insights and data. However, we also use the work of Sial (2006) because even if Sial (2006) is not a journal article, the work can be considered as authoritative because it is a study of the Iranian legal or political system from the point of view of an outstanding lawyer and can be considered as â€Å"authoritative†. In this study, the key conclusion we make is that in Islamic Republics, religion plays a very important role in politics. Alamdari (2005, p. 1285) described the earlier political system in Iran as a â€Å"religious populist regime, a tyranny of the majority under the charismatic leadership† of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini. Had Iran’s war with Iraq (1981-1988) did not take place, Alamdari argued that Islamic populism could have ended more quickly after the 1979 Islamic Iranian revolution (Alamdari, 2005, p. 1286). The constitution adopted right after the 1979 Islamic revolution known as the Qanun-e Asasi established the Islamic Republic of Iran (Sial, 2006). The principle of velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist) performs a key role in the government structure of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Sial, 2006). According to Sial (2006), a national referendum in December 1979 approved the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The 1979 national referendum asked Iranians at least 16 years old whether they want to abolish the monarchy and replace the monarchy with an Islamic Republic (S ial, 2006). The 1979

Care Provision in Long Term Conditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Care Provision in Long Term Conditions - Essay Example This work aims to identify the effect of such a condition on the individual, their families and carers, and identify the elements of a successful strategy in which their capability of self care is promoted. The patient here is Mrs. Gladstone, a 60 year old lady with breast cancer. She is a widow, retired, and lives with her son, daughter-in-law, and two grandchildren. This patient is fictional so that it does not breach confidentiality. Mrs. Gladstone was diagnosed with stage II infiltrating ductal carcinoma. In this case, the tumor is larger than 2 cm in size and has reached the lymph nodes under the arms. Macmillan Cancer Support (2013) points out that more than 500,000 people in the UK are suffering from a number of debilitating health conditions caused by cancer. Some of the problems mentioned are pain and discomfort, gastrointestinal problems, lymphoedema, chronic fatigue, and mental health issues (Cancer.Net). While the number of people living with chronic fatigue as a result of cancer is estimated at 350,000, approximately 240,000 people suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder and moderate to severe anxiety or depression. Furthermore, nearly 200,000 of the cancer-survivors face moderate to severe pain after curative treatment, and 90,000 face gastrointestinal problems. Lastly, nearly 63,000 of them suffer from lymphoedema. Additionally, there are body image issues, persistent hair loss, swallowing and speech problems, nausea and vomiting, heart diseases, fatigue, and social and financial difficulties to be addressed (Carver et al. 2006). Mrs. Gladstone’s life is considerably influenced by the disease. The diagnosis of breast cancer was shocking for her. She felt too confused, powerless, and fearful because of the large number of negative effects on her life. Firstly, she was worried as she felt hot flushes and palpitations. Moreover, Mrs. Gladstone found the diseases

Global food retail industry

Global food retail industry Exective Summary Global food retail industry has become tightly competitive in last few years. In dynamic operating environment, companies need to understand the competitive nature of the global food industry means to understand changing consumer preferences. They are making continuous efforts to meet these demands in order to secure their positions in the industry. Companies have the aim to build collaborative working relationships with stakeholders, the ultimate objective of building an efficient food distribution system. Wal-Mart is the world largest retailer in food retail industry. The company operates retail stores in various formats. It operates more than 6,000 stores in the United States and in 13 international markets. Food retail industry is a highly saturated market, new entrants would face difficulty to become successive in this industry. Stable relationships with suppliers are essential to Wal-Mart business. Wal-Mart is focusing on expanding its product line by including demanding products as well as environmentally friendly products. When analyzing the business of Wal-Mart, they actually utilize all three of the â€Å"hard Ss† of McKinseys 7S framework in their chase of their goals: Strategy, Systems, Structure. As a retail company, Wal-Mart offers a wide collection of products to the consumers. the grocery items can be placed as Wal-Marts star products. Appliance, kitchen tools, furniture, digital products, music files and software are the cash cows of the company. Pharmaceuticals, toys, electronics and health products are Wal-Mart question marks. The photo development, jewelry and shoe products distributed by the company are those that show low market share. Wal-Mart has the largest IT systems of any private company in the world. It has made significant investments in supply chain management. Wal-Mart Stores aims to capture the market penetration in food that it has achieved in hard and soft line goods. The product development team frequently attends trade shows in Europe and key fashion capitals and travels to places globally. Wal-Marts diversification strategy of the 1980s was a great success in terms of tapping and recognizing new market segments. Based from the analysis of the data by appling marketing and strategic models, it is appropriate to recommend that the product and service development strategy be applied by Wal-Mart, considering that these factors serve as the core factors affecting its growth and progress. Strategy Development in the Global Food Retail Supermarket Industry Globalization of retail is not an emerging or totally new strategy, but a current focus for many retailers. Established retailers have recognized that natural growth becoming more difficult to sustain in domistic markets, expansion into new markets is a necessary step towards securing future profitability. To understand the competitive nature of the global food industry means to understand changing consumer preferences and the food industry efforts to meet these demands. The task of moving food items from the seller to buyer is becoming increasingly complex, involving diverse local, national, and global issues. The food retail industry consists of the total revenues generated through supermarkets, hypermarkets, cooperatives, discounters, convenience stores, independent grocers, bakers, and all other retailers of food and drink. Supply chain management (SCM) is the management of materials, information, technology and funds from the raw material supplier to the consumer. It has become highly critical. It is now essential to a company revenue generating activities as it relates to growth, efficiency and customer satisfaction. SCM is critical to a company financial success in terms of revenue, cost and asset productivity. It has the aim to build collaborative working relationships between distributors, retailers, manufacturers, sales and marketing agents with the ultimate objective of building an efficient food distribution system.The most important goal of global food retailers and wholesalers is to ensure that the products they sell are safe. They act as the purchasing agent for the consumer and the final link in the supply chain. The supermarket food industry continually seeks ways to make the nation food supply safer. Question One: ‘Globalization in the food retail industry Selected Company: Wal-Mart Wal-Mart Stores (Wal-Mart) is the world largest retailer. The company operates retail stores in various formats. It operates more than 6,000 stores in the US and 13 international markets including the UK, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Brazil and China. The company retails a broad range of merchandise and services at low prices. Wal-Mart operates its business under three business segments: Wal-Mart Stores, Sams Club, and the international segment. The company has more than 2,000 retail stores in other countries. The operating formats vary from country to country. Strategic Alliances, Merger and Acquisition (MA) activity (WAL-MART IN INDIA) Wal-Mart began looking into doing business in India back in 2005. At that time Indian government was considering opening up foreign direct investment (FDI) to retailers. In November 2006, Wal-Mart beat out Tesco for a joint venture op ­portunity with Indian mobile services leader, Bharti. The reason was because Wal-Mart was more flexible about the retail model to be ad ­opted. The company priority seemed to be an early entry, so that the worlds largest retailer did not miss out on the Indian consumer boom. As per the agreement between the two corporate giants, Bharti would manage the front-end of the business, while Wal-Mart would take care of the supply chain, logistics and other back-end op ­erations. India is a ready and appealing market for Wal-Mart with its growing middle class of 250 million and an economic growth rate of nearly 9%. Although the FDI laws of the country are relatively stringent, government officials are not opposed to engaging foreign businesses in the Indian market. Since the announcement of the Wal-Mart/Bharti JV, one leading organization has emerged to represent the in ­terests of the small mom-and-pop stores. This is India FDI Watch and in addition to educating the owners about Wal-Mart, they have held large rallies and demonstrations against Bharti, Wal-Mart, and other big-box retailers. The mom-and-pops have an advantage as they are conveniently located on street corners or in the heart of cities and usually have personal relationships with most consumers. However, they do not carry the variety of goods that larger retailers do. Threat of New Entrants and Substitutes Being that the food retail industry is a highly saturated market, new entrants would face difficulty succeeding in this industry. In fact, it is highly difficult for discount retailers to penetrate other markets as Wal-Mart tried to enter Germany and South Korea. The company was unsuccessful and had to pull out because of its unprofitability. Retailers are subject to these obstacles: Economies of Scale Cost of Capital Distribution Channels Substitute products are products that can be used as replacements for other products to satisfy the same necessity of consumers. Wal-Mart benefits from this idea as discounters have lower prices than department stores and consumers go for higher quality product with the lowest prices. Wal-Mart is working on providing the best customer service possible but as a high-traffic store, it is generally impossible to provide one on one service. Bargaining Power of Suppliers and Buyers Stable relationships with suppliers are essential to Wal-Mart business. Without timely inventory deliveries, Wal-Mart could not maintain its full shelves and would lose customers. For this reason, the company engages in contractual agreements with its suppliers. This arrangement is beneficial for both parties, as the supplier makes sure it will have constant access to retailers with large market share. This way, suppliers have a guaranteed buyer for the supplies and can arrange specific prices. Consumers today are searching for the best deals possible. They are waiting for discounts and sales to bulk up on products. Discount retailers like Wal-Mart are creating huge supercenter stores because they want their stores to become a one-stop trip. Customers know what they want and how far they are willing to search for the item. Retailers must maintain high inventory levels to retain customers and their market share. Customers traveling a couple of miles to a store want to find the products they need in stock. Question Two: Global food retail market dynamics The ongoing changes and innovations in global food markets, as well as the trends in different sectors of the food industry, make up a complex dilemma with consumers, producers, and global retailing and manufacturing firms. A growing trend in food markets is the shift in growth of food sales from high-income (developed) countries to lower income (developing) countries. Despite the shift, per capita commercial sales show wide regional disparities worldwide, though growth in food sales in the developing countries is expected to continue. In anticipation of this growing market, food firms appear to be repositioning themselves and investing in many developing countries. Measures of competitiveness vary at the firm, industry and country level. Competitiveness is influenced by such forces as technological innovations, public institutions, infrastructure support, firm organizational structure, and government policies. Small food manufacturers face macroeconomic constraints similar to those of large firms, such as exchange rate fluctuations and market access barriers in foreign markets. Retail sector issues centered on the impact of globalization on food retailing in emerging economies, and the impact of changing consumer preferences on food retailing. Although a country may import little food, the impacts of globalization impacts are reflected in its food retail sector. Wal-Mart Profitability Secure Strategies A prominent trend in the retail industry is consumers buying less and less. Until about few years ago, consumers depended on credit cards. They did not hesitate to add to their already large debts but now consumers are trying to pay down debts instead. Wal-Mart discount stores, supercenters and wholesaler clubs have maintained their price leadership strategy known as â€Å"Save money live better.† This strategy was implemented in year 2008 and is aimed at families with children and middle income consumers trying to save. Wal-Mart is focusing on expanding its product line by including wellness products as well as environmentally friendly products. With the high energy prices facing consumers and the ideas of eating healthier and natural food, Wal-Mart has stocked products that would appeal to these consumers while maintaining its competitive prices. The company maintains a flexible management style where it is willing to satisfy changing demands. To meet demand, the company must encourage managers to monitor high demand products and drop unpopular product lines that may be a waste of inventory space. Another trend is discounter development of private labels. To compete with national brands, supermarkets and retailers have developed their own brands with the cooperation of manufacturers. These products are to be distributed and sold only in the retailers stores. Net Profit Margin measures how much out of every dollar of sales a company actually keeps in earnings. A company with high net profit margin indicates that it has better control over its costs. In this category, Wal-Mart outperforms Costco, BJs and industry, but lags behind Target. This table shows that how much Wal-Mart has been successful to invest into food retail facilities in order to secure its future profitability in terms of earnings. Question Three: McKinseys 7S framework for identifying core competencies and capabilities, discuss the ability of â€Å"Wal-Mart† When analyzing the business of Wal-Mart, they actually employ all three of the â€Å"hard Ss† in their pursuit of their goals: Strategy Systems Structure Their strength in all three of these Ss is probably a big reason why they have been so successful. Strategy Wal-Marts overall strategy is to always provide the lowest prices. Additionally, they aim to have a store which provides convenience by allowing consumers to find everything they need under one roof.This strategy of convenience with low prices has driven Wal-Mart to be the business leader that it is. Additionally, they plan to continue to expand into markets not yet penetrated by major chains, and some markets that are already saturated, such as New England and California.The other two hard Ss, systems and structure, support this strategy. Also, low prices everyday has become the style and shared values of Wal-Mart. Even the staff is completely committed to providing the lowest possible prices. The skills of workers are also geared to finding inefficiencies and towards decreasing prices. The low cost strategy has driven Wal-Mart to do things such as call suppliers collect, do away with manufacturer representatives at sales meetings, do away with regional offices, etc. Systems Wal-Mart has in place a set of systems that helps it achieve its strategy of low prices everyday. The largest and most profitable of these systems is the Information Technology system. Wal-Mart has employed computers, networking, and the internet to reduce inventories and waste, and speed deliveries. Wal-Mart can connect to their suppliers and transmit them data so they know what Wal-Mart needs and when.The lower inventories allow Wal-Mart to produce inventory turnover rates of around 70% which is really high. Additionally, Wal-Mart has worked with suppliers in order to improve their efficiencies in production which they then pass to Wal-Mart and then to the consumer. Because of Wal-Mart strategy, these reduced costs due to systems allow Wal-Mart to reduce consumers prices. Wal-Mart has streamlined the supply system so well that it would be very hard to find any inefficiency and would be hard for any competitor to beat. Additionally, Wal-Mart has a very efficient human resource syste m set-up that has both mostly kept employees happy, and resisted unionization. Wal-Mart is the largest private employer and has developed systems to tie raises and bonuses to performance. This encourages employees to think of the company and to always do their best. Structure Wal-Mart also employs a good structure that works with the systems to empower the low price strategy. Wal-Mart has planned warehouses and integrated them with systems. Additionally, they place their warehouses strategically so that one warehouse can serve many stores. They have developed time schedules so that one truck can service many stores and that after a delivery the truck can take back returned goods to the warehouse. The supercenter design itself is a structural advantage and strategy that Wal-Mart uses. This design allows consumers to come to a single Wal-Mart store to find everything they need from groceries to gifts to clothes to toys. Wal-Mart has designed an efficient management structure that allows it to eliminate the regional office. This structure alone has saved Wal-Mart millions of dollars a year. When Wal-Mart places stores in strategic locations and drives traffic using convenience and then combines the sales with its systems and structure, people get a highly ef ficient corporation that can cut costs to a bare-minimum which are then passed along to the consumer. If Wal-Mart continues to dominate these three Ss, it will continue to dominate the retail market. Question Four: BCG product matrix model, identifying major products of Wal-Mart As a retail company, Wal-Mart offers a wide array of products to the consumers. These include groceries, toys, apparel for women, men and children, jewelry as well as other hard goods; all of these product lines are sold at reasonable and generally affordable prices. In order to analyze the operation and performance of the selected products of the company (Wal-Mart), the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix is used. The Boston Consulting Group (BCG) Matrix is a tool developed to assess company business units. Specifically, the BCG Matrix is used to evaluate the business units level of market growth and share. The distribution done in this matrix was based on the 2008 revenue report of the company. Stars In above diagram, the grocery items function can be placed as Wal-Marts star product. The report stressed that this served as the top revenue generator of the company, contributing to 22% in the total sales. While this generates the most cash flow, it should also be considered that this product causes the most inventory cost to the company, considering that Wal-Mart has to derive its grocery supplies to multiple suppliers or companies. Cash cows On the other hand, the hard (appliance, kitchen tools, furniture) and soft goods (digital products, music files, software) are the cash cows of the company. Compared to the groceries, the supply chain for these products are less complex. The private-label goods are considered cash cows particularly in the international sector. This is because American brands do not exhibit the same impact or appeal to foreign buyers as with foreign consumers. As cash cows, it is essential that Wal-Mart uses these products to generate funds that would support its other business units particularly those categorized as stars and question marks. Question marks Pharmaceuticals, toys, electronics and health products are Wal-Mart question marks. As indicated in the revenue report, these products may generate sales but not enough to compensate the level of funds required to distribute them. Multiple suppliers and costly inventory make these products the question mark type. For this reason, it is practical that Wal-Mart consider limiting the inventory of these products to save on inventory expenses. Dogs Finally, the photo development, jewelry and shoe products distributed by the company are those that exhibit low market share as well as growth. Considering the number of alternatives available in the market with these products, it is indeed difficult for the company to keep these product lines. As certain retailers are focused on distributing these goods, they have more business flexibility than Wal-Mart, allowing them to overcome sales issues. Question Five: product life cycle and â€Å"Ansoff growth matrix† Product life cycle Wal-Mart is committed to improving operations, lowering costs and improving customer service. But the key to retailer Wal-Marts success is its ability to drive costs out of its supply chain and manage it efficiently. Many supply chain experts refer to Wal-Mart as a supply chain-driven company that also has retail stores. Wal-Marts company philosophy (‘The Wal-Mart Way) is to be at the leading edge of logistics, distribution, transportation, and technology. Wal-Mart has the largest IT systems of any private company in the world. The Wal-Mart business model would fail instantly without its advanced technology and supply chain. Wal-Mart has made significant investments in supply chain management. Ansoff growth matrix Ansoff matrix allows the marketers to look at different ways to grow the business through existing products and markets and new products and markets. Moreover, the matrix is composed of four various strategies: Market Penetration Wal-Mart Stores aims to capture the market penetration in food that it has achieved in hard and soft line goods. The retail giant, which posts more than a 10% market share in many nonfood categories, plans to rise up its food share through quick supercenter expansions. To achieve their market penetration goals, they believe in three guiding principles: Customer Value and Service Partnership with its associates Community involvement Product Development Wal-Mart product development group influenced the look, feel and variety of merchandise. The product development group headed by strong communicators worked with the buyer for the category and various suppliers to improve the consistency of qualities and sizes of merchandise. The product development team frequently attends trade shows in Europe and key fashion capitals and travels to places globally. The group findings are then regularly presented to merchants, marketers and package designers during the year. Major seasonal trend overview meetings are held for spring and fall with smaller meetings held for summer and holidays. Market Development Wal-Mart always seek to take advantage of on its international strategy, it is working in the direction of build ­ing new retail stores in other countries.They planned to educate activists around the world about Wal-Mart retail development strategies and the company impact on local retail culture. The three major tactics used by the company before to enter a country include: Build ­ing partnerships with local businesses and organizations Working with government officials Tapping into the growing middle class purchasing power Diversification Wal-Marts diversification strategy of the 1980s was a great success in terms of tapping and recognizing new market segments. Sams club was the most successful diversification of all at the decade by adopting wholesaling concept. The first Sams Club launched in April 1983. The company, on the other side, opened its first Wal-Mart Supercenter in 1988. It was essentially a complete Wal-Mart discount store with a supermarket added to it. Wal-Mart diversification into new retail formats during the 1980s did more than improve the firm growth in the fundamental areas of retail. Diversification also gave the company the chance to take risks and experiment. Evaluation the Usefulness of Marketing and Strategic Models Based from the analysis of the selected company, it is then appropriate to recommend that the product and service development strategy be applied by Wal-Mart, considering that these factors serve as the core factors affecting its growth and progress. With this type of strategy, Wal-Mart can increase its sales by means of modifying or enhancing its existing products and services. This strategy has been recommended as it has the ability to support the company potential to reach greater markets. Wal-Mart has multiple product lines that will be affected by this strategy. With the BCG matrix, it is appropriate that the company starts off the development with its prime product lines. Through this, the company will have sufficient funds to support other relevant activities in the future. However, by means of this strategy, Wal-Mart will be able to strengthen the market position of each of its product divisions, resulting to greater hold to these specific markets. The suggested strategy does not only fit the purpose of the company and support its future growth but has also been recommended based on the capability of the company to implement it. Wal-Mart has an efficient distribution system which in turn would support this strategy. The culture of the retail company also fits the requirements of this recommendation. Specifically, the company devotes ample time and resources to develop and maintain a skilled workforce. With productive managers and employees, the delivery of the developed goods of the company will be made possible. As a result, greater satisfaction from the customers will be obtained. Reference Sources Text Books Lynch, R. (2006) Corporate Strategy, Fourth Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. and Lampel, J. (1998) Strategy Safari, Financial Times Prentice Hall Johnson, G., Scholes, K. and Whittington, R. (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy: Text and Cases, 7th Edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall. Online Sources http://www.walmart.com/ http://walmartstores.com/sites/AnnualReport/2008/docs/wal_mart_annual_report_2008.pdf www.economist.com www.metrofoods.net/ www.ft.com www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/GlobalFoodMarkets/Industry www.plunkettresearch.com/Industries/

Wal-Mart: Penetrating Cities

Business opportunities do not necessarily come as fixed process transactions. Apparently, when an established company has already earned a good market reputation, the next step for it is to increase its business quality output in terms of maximizing its earning potential through various channels. The aspects of customer service, supplier partnership and logistics can greatly induce more earnings if delegated correctly. For Wal-Mart, the world’s largest retailer according to Fishman’s article, the best possible concept is penetrating into cities and establishes a ‘grass root’ foundation within segmented markets. One of the main advantages of having this approach for Wal-Mart is that the company can easily manage its logistic procedures. In a compact city, it is much easier to transport merchandises within specified small locations. Good logistic systems can utilize the best resources inside and outside the company span (Brewer 12). This could easily save time and money resources for the business therefore improving inventory and tracking delivery transactions. Another good benefit in this city-concentration approach is that if Wal-Mart can establish a mini counterpart of retail outlets within cities, it would be very difficult for the competitor to have a head-on collision with the company since the brand Wal-Mart speaks for itself in terms of advertising. Also people will have greater access to Wal-Mart’s services and may at least feel they have a customized branch outlet of the company since the stores will comply with the laws accepted within the city parameters, thus increasing the company’s sales. Just like what the company has done in Monona, Wisconsin, a customized super center was established as shoppers get great benefits in terms of convenience and huge savings (Wal-Mart Facts 1). Just like any business approaches, penetrating cities can also pose some disadvantages. For one, the establishment of new satellite stores in cities requires great investment allocations. This could impose a certain degree of Wal-Mart’s capital calculation. Moreover, commodity allocation per store can become a problem since the company head administration will need to monitor each and every merchant units in all the cities it has established its branches. Establishing a business presence in a local city can greatly increase customer satisfaction and convenience. However, there should always be a way to weigh the investment costs and profit accumulation before a company can initiate this kind of approach. For Wal-Mart, since it already has an established name with huge capitals, penetrating cities can be the best way to expand its specific market influence. Works Cited Brewer, Ann. â€Å"Handbook of Logistics and Supply-Chain Management.† Google Books. 2001. 10 Mar 2008 . Fishman, Charles. â€Å"The Wal-Mart You Don't Know.† FastCompany. 2003. 10 Mar 2008 . Wal-Mart, â€Å"New Super center Is Custom-Made for Monona .† Wal-Mart Facts. 2008. 10

Kristens cookie company Essay

From the given data we can draw the following Process Flowchart The case analysis yields the following points 1. The time taken to fill rush order will depend on whether there are any orders that are being processed currently or not. Accordingly we will have two scenarios a). No order is being processed when the rush order is received. The time in this case will be equal to the sum of the time required for all the processes. Time = 6 + 2 + 1 + 9 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 26minute b). An order is being processed when the rush order is received. In the worst case, the cookies will have just been put in the oven. Thus oven will not be free before (1 + 9)= 10 minutes. By this time, the washing of the bowl and mixing of the dough for the rush order will be done. This will take 8 min. Since oven will not be free for 2 more minutes. Thus total time for this process will be 8 + 2 + 1+ 9 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 28 minutes Every additional order of a dozen cookies will take an additional 10 minutes to fulfill (as the time taken for baking is the only bottleneck involved) 2. If we are open for 4 hours (or 240 minutes), the number of orders that can be filled will be: Every order will take 10 minutes, since the baking time (ie 10min) is the bottleneck, except the first order which will take 6+ 2 =8min in the beginning and the last order which will take 5+2+1=8 more minutes. Thus, [240 – (8+8)] / 10 = 22.4 orders can be filled in a day. That is 22 orders or 22*12 = 264 cookies in a day. 3. I am performing the process of washing, mixing and filling the dough in the tray, while the roommate is putting the tray in the oven, packing, and collecting the payment Thus for each order I spend: 6 + 2 = 8 minutes Roommate spends: 1 + 2 + 1 = 4 minutes A problem of idle time arises when more than one order is to be fulfilled, now if 2 simultaneous orders come, then I will have an idle time of 2 minutes and the roommate will have an idle time of 6 minutes. 4. If we order 2 dozen cookies or 3 dozen cookies, then my time will be reduced for washing and mixing, since the dough for 3 dozen cookies can be mixed together. That is my time will be reduced by 6 minutes for a 2 dozen order and 12 minutes for a 3 dozen order. My roommate’s time will be reduced by 1minute for 2dozen and 2 minute for 3 dozen. It is the time required for collecting payment since now she will collect payment only once for the whole order. However the total time for the process is still the same, since the baking process is the bottleneck and this will not affect the process of baking ,If this time that is saved, can be utilized for some productive work, which can earn more than the discounts we give, only then should we give discounts for 2 dozen or 3 dozen orders. 5. The business can be run smoothly using only one food processor, but the minimum number of trays that are required are 2 trays. This can be explained as follows The total time required for fulfilling an order is 26 minutes, now if another order is taken before the fulfillment of the first order then we will need another tray in which to place the ingredient mix and prepare it for baking. If we have further orders then the first tray can be used again since it will have come back after the cooling cycle. 6. To make cookies in lesser time we can use 3 ovens or use an oven with a larger capacity. With 3 ovens we can make 3 dozen cookies in just 31 minutes as compared to 48 minutes taken with just 1 oven. This amounts to an increase of 35% in sales due to time being saved. Addition of an extra oven can also help in this regard; with an extra oven we can fill 28 orders in a day instead of only 22 orders. Thus the additional rent that we can pay for an additional oven will be an amount lesser than the additional profit made by tending to 6 extra orders in a day. The additional oven will be very useful since the main Bottleneck encountered in this process is the time taken to bake the cookies. Additional analysis 1. If I were to do the whole process by myself it would take me 36 minutes to fill 2 orders which come back-to-back. The problem in this case would be that there can be no parallel processing. Thus after every 2 orders the process of baking has to start afresh, hence the total number of orders that can be filled per day will be X = (240*2)/36 = 13.333 Therefore only 13 orders can be filled everyday as compared to 22 that can be filled by 2 people. Hence working alone would have the same costs but sales would decrease by close to 50%. 2. There will be no effect on the time taken to manufacture the â€Å"Crash priority† order that has come up; both the new order and the order already in the oven can be delivered on time. The only problem here can arise if we have other orders in queue when this order arrives, then those orders will have to be kept waiting when we attend to this order. We can charge the customer a premium which will be equal to the number of orders whose delivery time will be extended beyond an hour due to this order. i.e. if we have 6 orders in queue and 3 of them are delayed due to the new order then Premium charged= No. of orders unfulfilled due to the new order * price; 3. The entire process time taken here is 26 minutes; every additional order will take an additional 10 minutes. Therefore we can service 4 orders in the first hour and 6 orders in every subsequent hour, this holds good if we have to deliver within an hour. If that restriction is relaxed, then delivery time we promise will be determined by the number of orders already in queue and any work-in-progress The formula that we can use for determining delivery time will be Time = (No. of orders in the queue*10 minutes) + (Work in progress* Time remaining in baking) + 10 minutes (Baking time of the new order) + 8 minutes (time till packing) i.e. if we have 3 orders in queue and another order which has to be baked for a further 5 minutes the delivery time we can promise will be Time = (3*10) + (5) +10+8 = 53 minutes. This is how we can promise delivery. 4. The major factors that should be considered at this stage of planning the business are what prices to charge, how many orders to accept and what can the profit be, the business has no extra costs apart from the input costs. But to safeguard against breakdown of equipment we must add a maintenance charge for the machine maintenance, the other costs that can come into picture are the opportunity costs, i.e. if our time was utilized in other tasks what could have been the profit we could have made. Hence these are the important factors that must be considered at this stage of planning. 5. If the product was a standard product then the following changes could be made * We can have 3 ovens, this will be useful because if the product is a standard one then we will always make 3 dozen cookies every time we prepare a mix, thus it would be useful for us to have 3 ovens as it would considerably reduce our time and give faster output * We can increase the number of orders that we can service each night * The order-taking system will be changed since now there is no customization so we will only be required to ask the customer as to how many dozens does he/she want These are the changes that should be made if the product is changed to a standardized one.

History of Aerogol

History of Aerogol Free Online Research Papers Aerogel is one of the most fascinating solids ever known to man. It was first discovered in the late 1930s be Steven Kistler, and later improved on by many different scientist. As the worlds lightest solid it has many different properties engineers try to take advantage of by mixing it with various elements, and seeing if they get the results they need. One of the key aspects of Aerogel is its thermal properties which is good for insulation usage. The history of Aerogel is that Steven Kistler a student at the College of the Pacific set out to prove that a gel without the liquid inside contained the same size and shape as a gel with the liquid. The only way for him to prove this was to prove his hypothesis, was to test his theory, and that’s what he did. The approach he took was to try and remove the liquid from the wet gel without damaging the solid structure of the object. Of course he tried a number of different procedures and none of them worked. If a wet gel is allowed to dry on its own the gel would shrink to a fraction of its original size, and shrinking usually was followed by the structure cracking. As Kistler gained more knowledge of the structure of gel he made a key discovery that would lead him to his answer. Kistler predicted that the solid component was microporous which mean that it had really small pores, and that the liquid vapor exerted strong surface tension forces that collapsed the pore structure wh en removed. So to counteract that he figured that if he were to replace the liquid with air by some means in which the surface of the liquid is never permitted to recede within the gel it could work. If a liquid is held under pressure always greater than the vapor pressure, and the temperature is raised, it will be transformed at the critical temperature into a gas without two phases having been present at any time. The first gels that Kistler studied were silica gels prepared in a acidic aqueous sodium silicate solution, but his attempts of trying to convert water into supercritical fluids from gels by this method didn’t work. As an alternative of leaving silica Aerogel behind, the supercritical water redissolved the silica, which then precipitated as the water was vented. With knowledge that water in aqueous gels could be exchanged with other organic liquids, Kistler then tried again by first thoroughly washing the silica gels with water to remove salts from the gel, and th en exchanging the water for alcohol by converting the alcohol to a supercritical fluid and allowing it to escape and the first true Aerogel were formed. Kistler was the father of aeorgel but between the late 1930’s and the 1970’s there was not a lot of development with the use of Aerogel. In the late 1970’s the French government approached Stanislaus Teichner at University Claud Bernard, Lyon seeking a method for storing oxygen and rocket fuels in porous materials. They were honored and determine to use Areogel because of its properties, however using Kistlers method which included two time-consuming and laborious solvent exchange steps their first Aerogel took weeks to prepare. Teichner then informed his student that a large number of Aerogel samples would be needed for him to complete his dissertation. Realizing that this would take many years to accomplish, the student left Teichners lab with a nervous breakdown. After a brief rest he was strongly determined to find a better synthetic process. This directly led to one of the major advances in Aerogel science which is the application of sol-gel chemistry to silica Aerogel preparation. This process replaced the sodium silicate used by Kistler with an alkoxysilane, (tetramethyorthosilicate, TMOS). Hydrolyzing TMOS in a solution of methanol produced a gel in one step called an alcogel. This eliminated two of the drawbacks in Kistlers procedure, namely, the water-to-alcohol exchange step and the presence of inorganic salts in the gel. Drying these alcogels under supercritical alcohol conditions produced high-quality silica Aerogel. In following years, Teichners group, and others, extended this approach to prepare a wide variety of metal oxide Aerogel. In 1983 Arlon Hunt and the Microstructured Materials Group at Berkeley Lab found that the very toxic compound tetramethyorthosilicate (TMOS) could be replaced with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) a much safer reagent. This did not lower the qual ity of the Aerogel produced. At the same time the Microstructured Materials Group also found that the alcohol within a gel could be replaced by liquid carbon dioxide before supercritical drying without harming the Aerogel. This represented a major advance in safety as the critical point of CO2 (31 degrees C and 1050 psi) occurs at much less severe conditions than the critical point of methanol (240 degrees C and 1600 psi). Also carbon dioxide does not pose an explosion hazard as alcohol does this process was put to use in making transparent silica Aerogel tiles from TEOS. The manufacturing process in forming silica Aerogel is a two-step process. The formation of a wet gel, and the drying of the wet gel. With a procedure called sol-gel chemistry, silica Aerogel are prepared using a silicon alkoxide precursor. The kinetics of the reaction is slow at room temperature, often this process requires several days to reach completion. For this reason, acid or base catalysts are added to the formulation. With acid catalysis the particles may appear less solid than the ones catalyzed in a base that is the first step is for an Aerogel to reach its gel point. From there hydrolysis and condensation must follow. Time must be given for the strengthening of the silica network, the gels are best left undisturbed for up to 48 hours. The time required for each processing step increases dramatically as the thickness of the gel increases. It is referred to as diffusion controlled because diffusion is affected by thickness. Immediately after an aging process takes place by removing all the water still contained within its pores. This is simply accomplished by soaking the gel in pure alcohol several times. The final, and most important process in making silica Aerogel is supercritical drying. Here the liquid within the gel is removed, leaving only the linked silica network. The process can be performed by venting the ethanol above its critical point or by prior solvent exchange with CO2 followed by supercritical venting. Aerogel is the world lowest density solid with a lot of different properties that amazing the scientific community. Next to air which has a density of 1.2 mg/cm3, Aerogel has a density of 1.9 2 mg/cm3. Which means it is the lowest density solid know to man, .It is nicknamed frozen smoke, solid smoke or blue smoke due to its semi-transparent nature and the way light scatters in the material. Aerogel is made from the sol-gel polymerization of selected silica orresorcinol-formaldehyde monomers in solution. The sol-gel solution is cast into the desired shape and after the formation of a highly cross-linked gel, the solvent is removed from the pores of the gel. A common feature of Aerogel is that they have ultra small inter connected pores with a size of less than 100nm. This open cell structure provides access to the entire surface area for reaction of materials as either gas or ions in solution. Aerogel is the lightest of all solid substance, and give new meaning to the word solid. The unique design which is composed of a cell wall a few atoms thick, and air or whichever gas the design decides to choose they can actually be made to be lighter than air. The physical properties of Aerogel are controlled by the density and microstructure of the gel. They are studied with the hope of understanding the process of structure formation well enough to control it, so that particular properties can be optimized for specific applications. Aerogel it has good thermo insulative properties which can greatly the methods of heat transfer (convection, conduction, and radiation). There are three main types of Aerogels which are Silica, Carbon, and Alumina. Silica is the most commonly used, and the most studied. Carbon Aerogels are considered as very interesting materials for high-temperature thermal insulations in non-oxidizing atmospheres or vacuum. Aerogels are open porous solids consisting of a three-dimensional network of spherical interconnected primary particles. This means th at the pore and particle size can be specifically adjusted to be in the range from several nanometers only to some microns by varying the synthesis conditions. Pore sites up to about 99% can be achieved. These properties make carbon Aerogel suitable for thermal insulation applications , in particular at high temperatures, but also for electrodes in super capacitors , and gas diffusion layers in fuel cells. Over the past couple of years aeorgel has been in the eyes of a lot of different companies because of its unique properties, and researchers’ ability to make it evolve more and more. NASA is currently using Aerogel to capture high-velocity interplanetary and interstellar dust particles which normally range anywhere from 100 nm to 10 Â µm and traveling between 0.5 and 10 km/s. since Aerogel pore structure ranges in the nanometer range, and they are less dense then regular solids they have the ability to slow down the particles, and capture them. There is a company called Centerpoint which utilizes the thermal properties of Aerogel. They fill glass, or a polycarbonate with Aerogel, and this allow them to keep this light transmission qualities while providing good thermal insulation. Also it utilizes some of the strength aspects its give the glass or polycarbonate the ability to withstand wind gust up to 140 mph. Results Discussion Some of the advantages are that it is environmentally safe. It is capable of reducing industrial waste by capturing waste and polluting gases before they reach the atmosphere. It is capable of supporting 100 times its own weight, and they provide exceptional mechanical integrity and optical clarity. The only restriction is its versatility, that depends is how clever you are, the more knowledge you have of materials, the more possibilities you have of discovering new uses for it with the right combination. Aerogels can produce more efficient fuel cells for pollution free energy among other things. It provides insulation five times better than fiberglass. It is a non-CFC (chlorofluorocarbons) using insulation. It retains its insulating qualities indefinitely. It doesn’t use any CFC gases or any type of vacuum that can lose pressure. An indirect advantage of Aerogel is its potential to play a role in keeping the atmospheric line clear. By reducing home heating costs, Aerogel coul d reduce global energy needs and minimize the pollutants that come with energy production. A long-term advantage of Aerogel is in reducing industrial waste, not only is Aerogel of scientific interest to reduce the energy load, but also to capture waste and polluting gasses before they reach the atmosphere. In principle, wherever alcohol and fossil fuels are used, Aerogel absorbents could capture waste gasses before they are emitted into the atmosphere. Time for its disadvantages Aerogels are difficult and time consuming to manufacture, even after appearing in a few commercial products during the 70 plus years that it has been developed. The process of manufacturing it involves soaking it in hazardous solvents, such as super critical water or alcohol, and using it to high temperatures and pressure. This technique is not only dangerous, but also very expensive. Being that their weight is so close to that of air preparing Aerogel is a tedious task they can easily deflate when not careful. The wonderful properties have been expensive to provide, costing too much for architects chemist, and engineers to play with. Although in principle, making an Aerogel is simple; unfortunately, it is not as simple as it sounds. When the liquid evaporates, it tends to pull the gel and distort it leaving it in a state of uselessness. Conclusion Its versatility and flexibility make it a good contender for many applications that have a positive long-term effect, not only in the technological realm, but also in the environmental realm. The list of applications and benefits of this material is long and still growing. The positives outweigh the negatives. The biggest obstacle that researchers are going to have to overcome is the production, and cost once there is a more efficient way to produce Aerogel then it will become of great use to us in the future. But that what Aerogel is a material of the future, and like many thing that have been made and improved upon it just takes time, money, and knowledge. Research Papers on History of AerogolMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

The Salem Witch Trials Essay

The Salem Witch Trials Essay The Salem Witch Trials Essay The Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials were a series of court hearings and prosecutions of people accused of performing witchcraft and other supernatural abilities in colonial Massachusetts. These occurred between February 1692 and May 1693. Although they are referred to as the Salem witch trials, the preliminary hearings were done in various towns: Salem Village, Ipswich, Andover, and Salem Town. These trials had a lasting effect on a multitude of things in the formation of the United States of America and its colonies. The trials brought about warnings of isolationism, religious extremism, false accusations, and profiling based off of social class. Thanks to these trials, America was able to take caution in them to help them eventually form the great country it is today. In order to completely understand the effect of the trials it is necessary to have a little information from the trials. Salem was originally founded in 1626 by a group of European fisherman. Over the years it had gotten a little larger of a town, but never too big. Overall in the incident, around 24 people died because of their accusations of being a witch; whether from being executed, tortured in order to get information, or being killed while in prison. Isolationism really added in influencing the mass hysteria of the people of Salem. They were all so far away from everyone else they essentially had no ways of communicating with anyone at all and they rarely got any news of anything. They were never being updated with cultural norms and were all very traditional. So when they noticed something out of the ordinary, they would all assume that it was something not normal and evil. Supposedly, the witch mania began when two little girls started playing around with fortune telling that their slave had told them about. The girls started having strange fits, and according to a doctor, this was happening because they had been bewitched. Instead of going towards a reasonable response, they automatically go towards any answer that just seems okay. They are not used to cultural norms and what now may be accepted and what may not be, and since they were out in the middle of nowhere, nobody could stop them. Eventually it goes to tell that the sl ave was arrested (along with two other women who were assumed to be witches because one had drinking parties and the other had been married three times) and were put on trial for the â€Å"horrible crime of Witchcraft†. This isolationism lead to eventually make the United States realize that you cannot leave a town alone because then they would have no idea what is going on. You need communication with everyone to help maintain a healthy and strong community. Religious extremism most likely had the biggest effects on the trial being that they were the basis of most accusations. Massachusetts’s government was dominated by conservative Puritan secular leaders. Specifically in Salem Village, the church governed their life. Being that they were primarily Puritans, they had a strong tie associating Satan with sickness, misfortune, and anyone going against their religious beliefs. If they then associated you with Satan, they would associate you with witchcraft. They believed that witches had made a pact with Satan and that they should be punished for dealing with the devil. These religious extremities lead to the executions and prison sentences of a multitude of women, men, and children. They let their religious belief overcome them and wouldn’t even resort to common sense to deal with a fairly reasonable problem. The people also wanted to be able to feel comfortable that they had an answer to these problems, instead of leaving it unsolved completely and be worrying about it and being scared of these people. They wanted to prove themselves superior to others. In modern United States court of law, it is highly illegal to base an accusation against someone based off of supernatural and

The Determinants of Health from a Historical Perspective Essay

The Determinants of Health from a Historical Perspective - Essay Example But this favorable outcome.... had to be devised with the aid of medical science and fought for politically. It could only be achieved if the serious health challenges brought on by economic change, industrial wage labor, and urban living were met with the appropriate political resolution to implement far-reaching preventive health measures, requiring the deployment of substantial social and economic resources...."( Szreter ,1997) In order to understand the health improvement and its causes it is necessary to look at the dismal situation in terms of disease, infant mortality, quality of food, filth in the surroundings and the work environment in 19th century Britain through a snapshot created from documented history: The most life-threatening hazard facing city-dwelling Victorians is cholera, closely followed by typhoid fever and typhus. Four epidemics of cholera - in 1831/32, 1848/49, 1853/54 and 1866 - kill about 140,000 people, with more than 60,000 perishing in the second epidemic alone. ....In London, there are still open cesspools, and the sewers run straight into the Thames..... Urban workers are stunted in growth and afflicted by debilitating diseases such as rickets, tuberculosis and bronchitis. Long hours of toil and poor diet weakens their resistance. .....much of the food consumed by the working classes is adulterated by foreign substances, contaminated by chemicals or fouled by animal and human excrement. The infant mortality rates in the.... inner city rates were dramatically higher, 300 deaths per thousand on average .... Puerperal fever...was the main cause of death in childbirth during the 19th century....patients under a doctor's care have only a 50% chance of being better off than if they and their diseases had been left alone. ( McVeigh,2000) This then, is the situation in which most of industrial Britain found itself in the beginning of the 19th century, and we first examine how developments in medicine and hygienic concepts facilitated improvements in health standards. To our 21st century perceptions, the answers must seem pretty simple: remove the filth and improve the sanitary and health services. But to the 19th century mindset, ideas on infection and sanitation and their relevance to health was yet to be established, and this is where the role of medicine came in. The role of sanitation in a disease like cholera was first commented on by a surgeon called John Snow.John Snow......published in 1849 his opinion that cholera was spread by the pollution of drinking water by sewage......Snow's original publication received little official attention, the miasmatists being bent on campaigning vigorously against filth in general as a cause of 'poisoned air'. Two of the three persons most celebrated for their interest in hea lth in Victorian times, Edwin Chadwick and Florence Nightingale, remained miasmatists all their lives. ..... Nevertheless, the realization of the miasmatists that cholera was at its worst in insanitary places led to widespread national protests against the evils of the open sewers, the defective drains, the foul ditches and the refuse-littered streets of the towns of the 1840s.(Seaman,1995)

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Exam Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

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Japanese Industrialization and Economic Growth Essay Example for Free

Japanese Industrialization and Economic Growth Essay Japan achieved sustained growth in per capita income between the 1880s and 1970 through industrialization. Moving along an income growth trajectory through expansion of manufacturing is hardly unique. Indeed Western Europe, Canada, Australia and the United States all attained high levels of income per capita by shifting from agrarian-based production to manufacturing and technologically sophisticated service sector activity. Still, there are four distinctive features of Japans development through industrialization that merit discussion: The proto-industrial base Japans agricultural productivity was high enough to sustain substantial craft (proto-industrial) production in both rural and urban areas of the country prior to industrialization. Investment-led growth Domestic investment in industry and infrastructure was the driving force behind growth in Japanese output. Both private and public sectors invested in infrastructure, national and local governments serving as coordinating agents for infrastructure build-up. * Investment in manufacturing capacity was largely left to the private sector. * Rising domestic savings made increasing capital accumulation possible. * Japanese growth was investment-led, not export-led. Total factor productivity growth achieving more output per unit of input was rapid. On the supply side, total factor productivity growth was extremely important. Scale economies the reduction in per unit costs due to increased levels of output contributed to total factor productivity growth. Scale economies existed due to geographic concentration, to growth of the national economy, and to growth in the output of individual companies. In addition, companies moved down the learning curve, reducing unit costs as their cumulative output rose and demand for their product soared. The social capacity for importing and adapting foreign technology improved and this contributed to total factor productivity growth: * At the household level, investing in education of children improved social capability. * At the firm level, creating internalized labor markets that bound firms to workers and workers to firms, thereby giving workers a strong incentive to flexibly adapt to new technology, improved social capability. * At the government level, industrial policy that reduced the cost to private firms of securing foreign technology enhanced social capacity. Shifting out of low-productivity agriculture into high productivity manufacturing, mining, and construction contributed to total factor productivity growth. Dualism Sharply segmented labor and capital markets emerged in Japan after the 1910s. The capital intensive sector enjoying high ratios of capital to labor paid relatively high wages, and the labor intensive sector paid relatively low wages. Dualism contributed to income inequality and therefore to domestic social unrest. After 1945 a series of public policy reforms addressed inequality and erased much of the social bitterness around dualism that ravaged Japan prior to World War II. The remainder of this article will expand on a number of the themes mentioned above. The appendix reviews quantitative evidence concerning these points. The conclusion of the article lists references that provide a wealth of detailed evidence supporting the points above, which this article can only begin to explore. The Legacy of Autarky and the Proto-Industrial Economy: Achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868) Why Japan? Given the relatively poor record of countries outside the European cultural area few achieving the kind of catch-up growth Japan managed between 1880 and 1970 the question naturally arises: why Japan? After all, when the United States forcibly opened Japan in the 1850s and Japan was forced to cede extra-territorial rights to a number of Western nations as had China earlier in the 1840s, many Westerners and Japanese alike thought Japans prospects seemed dim indeed. Tokugawa achievements: urbanization, road networks, rice cultivation, craft production In answering this question, Mosk (2001), Minami (1994) and Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) emphasize the achievements of Tokugawa Japan (1600-1868) during a long period of closed country autarky between the mid-seventeenth century and the 1850s: a high level of urbanization; well developed road networks; the channeling of river water flow with embankments and the extensive elaboration of irrigation ditches that supported and encouraged the refinement of rice cultivation based upon improving seed varieties, fertilizers and planting methods especially in the Southwest with its relatively long growing season; the development of proto-industrial (craft) production by merchant houses in the major cities like Osaka and Edo (now called Tokyo) and its diffusion to rural areas after 1700; and the promotion of education and population control among both the military elite (the samurai) and the well-to-do peasantr y in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Tokugawa political economy: daimyo and shogun These developments were inseparable from the political economy of Japan. The system of confederation government introduced at the end of the fifteenth century placed certain powers in the hands of feudal warlords, daimyo, and certain powers in the hands of the shogun, the most powerful of the warlords. Each daimyo and the shogun was assigned a geographic region, a domain, being given taxation authority over the peasants residing in the villages of the domain. Intercourse with foreign powers was monopolized by the shogun, thereby preventing daimyo from cementing alliances with other countries in an effort to overthrow the central government. The samurai military retainers of thedaimyo were forced to abandon rice farming and reside in the castle town headquarters of their daimyo overlord. In exchange, samurai received rice stipends from the rice taxes collected from the villages of their domain. By removingsamurai from the countryside by demilitarizing rural areas conflicts over local water rights were largely made a thing of the past. As a result irrigation ditches were extended throughout the valleys, and riverbanks were shored up with stone embankments, facilitating transport and preventing flooding. The sustained growth of proto-industrialization in urban Japan, and its widespread diffusion to villages after 1700 was also inseparable from the productivity growth in paddy rice production and the growing of industrial crops like tea, fruit, mulberry plant growing (that sustained the raising of silk cocoons) and cotton. Indeed, Smith (1988) has given pride of place to these domestic sources of Japans future industrial success. Readiness to emulate the West As a result of these domestic advances, Japan was well positioned to take up the Western challenge. It harnessed its infrastructure, its high level of literacy, and its proto-industrial distribution networks to the task of emulating Western organizational forms and Western techniques in energy production, first and foremost enlisting inorganic energy sources like coal and the other fossil fuels to generate steam power. Having intensively developed the organic economy depending upon natural energy flows like wind, water and fire, Japanese were quite prepared to master inorganic production after the Black Ships of the Americans forced Japan to jettison its long-standing autarky. From Balanced to Dualistic Growth, 1887-1938: Infrastructure and Manufacturing Expand Fukoku Kyohei After the Tokugawa government collapsed in 1868, a new Meiji government committed to the twin policies of fukoku kyohei (wealthy country/strong military) took up the challenge of renegotiating its treaties with the Western powers. It created infrastructure that facilitated industrialization. It built a modern navy and army that could keep the Western powers at bay and establish a protective buffer zone in North East Asia that eventually formed the basis for a burgeoning Japanese empire in Asia and the Pacific. Central government reforms in education, finance and transportation Jettisoning the confederation style government of the Tokugawa era, the new leaders of the new Meiji government fashioned a unitary state with powerful ministries consolidating authority in the capital, Tokyo. The freshly minted Ministry of Education promoted compulsory primary schooling for the masses and elite university education aimed at deepening engineering and scientific knowledge. The Ministry of Finance created the Bank of Japan in 1882, laying the foundations for a private banking system backed up a lender of last resort. The government began building a steam railroad trunk line girding the four major islands, encouraging private companies to participate in the project. In particular, the national government committed itself to constructing a Tokaido line connecting the Tokyo/Yokohama region to the Osaka/Kobe conurbation along the Pacific coastline of the main island of Honshu, and to creating deepwater harbors at Yokohama and Kobe that could accommodate deep-hulled steamships. Not surprisingly, the merchants in Osaka, the merchant capital of Tokugawa Japan, already well versed in proto-industrial production, turned to harnessing steam and coal, investing heavily in integrated sp inning and weaving steam-driven textile mills during the 1880s. Diffusion of best-practice agriculture At the same time, the abolition of the three hundred or so feudal fiefs that were the backbone of confederation style-Tokugawa rule and their consolidation into politically weak prefectures, under a strong national government that virtually monopolized taxation authority, gave a strong push to the diffusion of best practice agricultural technique. The nationwide diffusion of seed varieties developed in the Southwest fiefs of Tokugawa Japan spearheaded a substantial improvement in agricultural productivity especially in the Northeast. Simultaneously, expansion of agriculture using traditional Japanese technology agriculture and manufacturing using imported Western technology resulted. Balanced growth Growth at the close of the nineteenth century was balanced in the sense that traditional and modern technology using sectors grew at roughly equal rates, and labor especially young girls recruited out of farm households to labor in the steam using textile mills flowed back and forth between rural and urban Japan at wages that were roughly equal in industrial and agricultural pursuits. Geographic economies of scale in the Tokaido belt Concentration of industrial production first in Osaka and subsequently throughout the Tokaido belt fostered powerful geographic scale economies (the ability to reduce per unit costs as output levels increase), reducing the costs of securing energy, raw materials and access to global markets for enterprises located in the great harbor metropolises stretching from the massive Osaka/Kobe complex northward to the teeming Tokyo/Yokohama conurbation. Between 1904 and 1911, electrification mainly due to the proliferation of intercity electrical railroads created economies of scale in the nascent industrial belt facing outward onto the Pacific. The consolidation of two huge hydroelectric power grids during the 1920s one servicing Tokyo/Yokohama, the other Osaka and Kobe further solidified the comparative advantage of the Tokaido industrial belt in factory production. Finally, the widening and paving during the 1920s of roads that could handle buses and trucks was also pioneered by the grea t metropolises of the Tokaido, which further bolstered their relative advantage in per capita infrastructure. Organizational economies of scale zaibatsu In addition to geographic scale economies, organizational scale economies also became increasingly important in the late nineteenth centuries. The formation of the zaibatsu (financial cliques), which gradually evolved into diversified industrial combines tied together through central holding companies, is a case in point. By the 1910s these had evolved into highly diversified combines, binding together enterprises in banking and insurance, trading companies, mining concerns, textiles, iron and steel plants, and machinery manufactures. By channeling profits from older industries into new lines of activity like electrical machinery manufacturing, the zaibatsu form of organization generated scale economies in finance, trade and manufacturing, drastically reducing information-gathering and transactions costs. By attracting relatively scare managerial and entrepreneurial talent, the zaibatsu format economized on human resources. Electrification The push into electrical machinery production during the 1920s had a revolutionary impact on manufacturing. Effective exploitation of steam power required the use of large central steam engines simultaneously driving a large number of machines power looms and mules in a spinning/weaving plant for instance throughout a factory. Small enterprises did not mechanize in the steam era. But with electrification the unit drive system of mechanization spread. Each machine could be powered up independently of one another. Mechanization spread rapidly to the smallest factory. Emergence of the dualistic economy With the drive into heavy industries chemicals, iron and steel, machinery the demand for skilled labor that would flexibly respond to rapid changes in technique soared. Large firms in these industries began offering premium wages and guarantees of employment in good times and bad as a way of motivating and holding onto valuable workers. A dualistic economy emerged during the 1910s. Small firms, light industry and agriculture offered relatively low wages. Large enterprises in the heavy industries offered much more favorable remuneration, extending paternalistic benefits like company housing and company welfare programs to their internal labor markets. As a result a widening gulf opened up between the great metropolitan centers of the Tokaido and rural Japan. Income per head was far higher in the great industrial centers than in the hinterland. Clashing urban/rural and landlord/tenant interests The economic strains of emergent dualism were amplified by the slowing down of technological progress in the agricultural sector, which had exhaustively reaped the benefits due to regional diffusion from the Southwest to the Northeast of best practice Tokugawa rice cultivation. Landlords around 45% of the cultivable rice paddy land in Japan was held in some form of tenancy at the beginning of the twentieth century who had played a crucial role in promoting the diffusion of traditional best practice techniques now lost interest in rural affairs and turned their attention to industrial activities. Tenants also found their interests disregarded by the national authorities in Tokyo, who were increasingly focused on supplying cheap foodstuffs to the burgeoning industrial belt by promoting agricultural production within the empire that it was assembling through military victories. Japan secured Taiwan from China in 1895, and formally brought Korea under its imperial rule in 1910 upon the heels of its successful war against Russia in 1904-05. Tenant unions reacted to this callous disrespect of their needs through violence. Landlord/tenant disputes broke out in the early 1920s, and continued to plague Japan politically throughout the 1930s, calls for land reform and bureaucratic proposals for reform being rejected by a Diet (Japans legislature) politically dominated by landlords. Japans military expansion Japans thrust to imperial expansion was inflamed by the growing instability of the geopolitical and international trade regime of the later 1920s and early 1930s. The relative decline of the United Kingdom as an economic power doomed a gold standard regime tied to the British pound. The United States was becoming a potential contender to the United Kingdom as the backer of a gold standard regime but its long history of high tariffs and isolationism deterred it from taking over leadership in promoting global trade openness. Germany and the Soviet Union were increasingly becoming industrial and military giants on the Eurasian land mass committed to ideologies hostile to the liberal democracy championed by the United Kingdom and the United States. It was against this international backdrop that Japan began aggressively staking out its claim to being the dominant military power in East Asia and the Pacific, thereby bringing it into conflict with the United States and the United Kingdom i n the Asian and Pacific theaters after the world slipped into global warfare in 1939. Reform and Reconstruction in a New International Economic Order, Japan after World War II Postwar occupation: economic and institutional restructuring Surrendering to the United States and its allies in 1945, Japans economy and infrastructure was revamped under the S.C.A.P (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) Occupation lasting through 1951. As Nakamura (1995) points out, a variety of Occupation-sponsored reforms transformed the institutional environment conditioning economic performance in Japan. The major zaibatsu were liquidated by the Holding Company Liquidation Commission set up under the Occupation (they were revamped as keiretsu corporate groups mainly tied together through cross-shareholding of stock in the aftermath of the Occupation); land reform wiped out landlordism and gave a strong push to agricultural productivity through mechanization of rice cultivation; and collective bargaining, largely illegal under the Peace Preservation Act that was used to suppress union organizing during the interwar period, was given the imprimatur of constitutional legality. Finally, education was opened up, partly through making middle school compulsory, partly through the creation of national universities in each of Japans forty-six prefectures. Improvement in the social capability for economic growth In short, from a domestic point of view, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology was improved with the reforms in education and the fillip to competition given by the dissolution of the zaibatsu. Resolving tension between rural and urban Japan through land reform and the establishment of a rice price support program that guaranteed farmers incomes comparable to blue collar industrial workers also contributed to the social capacity to absorb foreign technology by suppressing the political divisions between metropolitan and hinterland Japan that plagued the nation during the interwar years. Japan and the postwar international order The revamped international economic order contributed to the social capability of importing and adapting foreign technology. The instability of the 1920s and 1930s was replaced with replaced with a relatively predictable bipolar world in which the United States and the Soviet Union opposed each other in both geopolitical and ideological arenas. The United States became an architect of multilateral architecture designed to encourage trade through its sponsorship of the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the predecessor to the World Trade Organization). Under the logic of building military alliances to contain Eurasian Communism, the United States brought Japan under its nuclear umbrella with a bilateral security treaty. American companies were encouraged to license technology to Japanese companies in the new international environment. Japan redirected its trade away from the areas that had been incorporated i nto the Japanese Empire before 1945, and towards the huge and expanding American market. Miracle Growth: Soaring Domestic Investment and Export Growth, 1953-1970 Its infrastructure revitalized through the Occupation period reforms, its capacity to import and export enhanced by the new international economic order, and its access to American technology bolstered through its security pact with the United States, Japan experienced the dramatic Miracle Growth between 1953 and the early 1970s whose sources have been cogently analyzed by Denison and Chung (1976). Especially striking in the Miracle Growth period was the remarkable increase in the rate of domestic fixed capital formation, the rise in the investment proportion being matched by a rising savings rate whose secular increase especially that of private household savings has been well documented and analyzed by Horioka (1991). While Japan continued to close the gap in income per capita between itself and the United States after the early 1970s, most scholars believe that large Japanese manufacturing enterprises had b y and large become internationally competitive by the early 1970s. In this sense it can be said that Japan had completed its nine decade long convergence to international competitiveness through industrialization by the early 1970s. MITI There is little doubt that the social capacity to import and adapt foreign technology was vastly improved in the aftermath of the Pacific War. Creating social consensus with Land Reform and agricultural subsidies reduced political divisiveness, extending compulsory education and breaking up the zaibatsu had a positive impact. Fashioning the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (M.I.T.I.) that took responsibility for overseeing industrial policy is also viewed as facilitating Japans social capability. There is no doubt that M.I.T.I. drove down the cost of securing foreign technology. By intervening between Japanese firms and foreign companies, it acted as a single buyer of technology, playing off competing American and European enterprises in order to reduce the royalties Japanese concerns had to pay on technology licenses. By keeping domestic patent periods short, M.I.T.I. encouraged rapid diffusion of technology. And in some cases the experience of International Business Machines (I.B.M.), enjoying a virtual monopoly in global mainframe computer markets during the 1950s and early 1960s, is a classical case M.I.T.I. made it a condition of entry into the Japanese market (through the creation of a subsidiary Japan I.B.M. in the case of I.B.M.) that foreign companies share many of their technological secrets with potential Japanese competitors. How important industrial policy was for Miracle Growth remains controversial, however. The view of Johnson (1982), who hails industrial policy as a pillar of the Japanese Development State (government promoting economic growth through state policies) has been criticized and revised by subsequent scholars. The book by Uriu (1996) is a case in point. Internal labor markets, just-in-time inventory and quality control circles Furthering the internalization of labor markets the premium wages and long-term employment guarantees largely restricted to white col lar workers were extended to blue collar workers with the legalization of unions and collective bargaining after 1945 also raised the social capability of adapting foreign technology. Internalizing labor created a highly flexible labor force in post-1950 Japan. As a result, Japanese workers embraced many of the key ideas of Just-in-Time inventory control and Quality Control circles in assembly industries, learning how to do rapid machine setups as part and parcel of an effort to produce components just-in-time and without defect. Ironically, the concepts of just-in-time and quality control were originally developed in the United States, just-in-time methods being pioneered by supermarkets and quality control by efficiency experts like W. Edwards Deming. Yet it was in Japan that these concepts were relentlessly pursued to revolutionize assembly line industries during the 1950s and 1960s. Ultimate causes of the Japanese economic miracle Miracle Growth was the completion of a protracted historical process involving enhancing human capital, massive accumulation of physical capital including infrastructure and private manufacturing capacity, the importation and adaptation of foreign technology, and the creation of scale economies, which took decades and decades to realize. Dubbed a miracle, it is best seen as the reaping of a bountiful harvest whose seeds were painstakingly planted in the six decades between 1880 and 1938. In the course of the nine decades between the 1880s and 1970, Japan amassed and lost a sprawling empire, reorienting its trade and geopolitical stance through the twists and turns of history. While the ultimate sources of growth can be ferreted out through some form of statistical accounting, the specific way these sources were marshaled in practice is inseparable from the history of Japan itself and of the global environment within which it has realized its industrial destiny. Appendix: Sources of Growth Accounting and Quantitative Aspects of Japans Modern Economic Development One of the attractions of studying Japans post-1880 economic development is the abundance of quantitative data documenting Japans growth. Estimates of Japanese income and output by sector, capital stock and labor force extend back to the 1880s, a period when Japanese income per capita was low. Consequently statistical probing of Japans long-run growth from relative poverty to abundance is possible. The remainder of this appendix is devoted to introducing the reader to the vast literature on quantitative analysis of Japans economic development from the 1880s until 1970, a nine decade period during which Japanese income per capita converged towards income per capita levels in Western Europe. As the reader will see, this discussion confirms the importance of factors discussed at the outset of this article. Our initial touchstone is the excellent sources of growth accounting analysis carried out by Denison and Chung (1976) on Japans growth between 1953 and 1971. Attributing growth in national income in growth of inputs, the factors of production capital and labor and growth in output per unit of the two inputs combined (total factor productivity) along the following lines: G(Y) = { a G(K) + [1-a] G(L) } + G (A) where G(Y) is the (annual) growth of national output, g(K) is the growth rate of capital services, G(L) is the growth rate of labor services, a is capitals share in national income (the share of income accruing to owners of capital), and G(A) is the growth of total factor productivity, is a standard approach used to approximate the sources of growth of income. Using a variant of this type of decomposition that takes into account improvements in the quality of capital and labor, estimates of scale economies and adjustments for structural change (shifting labor out of agriculture helps explain why total factor productivity grows), Denison and Chung (1976) generate a useful set of estimates for Japans Miracle Growth era. Operating with this sources of growth approach and proceeding under a variety of plausible assumptions, Denison and Chung (1976) estimate that of Japans average annual real national income growth of 8.77 % over 1953-71, input growth accounted for 3.95% (accounting for 45% of total growth) and growth in output per unit of input contributed 4.82% (accounting for 55% of total growth). To be sure, the precise assumptions and techniques they use can be criticized. The precise numerical results they arrive at can be argued over. Still, their general point that Japans growth was the result of improvements in the quality of factor inputs health and education for workers, for instance and improvements in the way these inputs are utilized in production due to technological and organizational change, reallocation of resources from agriculture to non-agriculture, and scale economies, is defensible. Notes: [a] Maddison (2000) provides estimates of real income that take into account the purchasing power of national currencies. [b] Ohkawa (1979) gives estimates for the N sector that is defined as manufacturing and mining (Ma) plus construction plus facilitating industry (transport, communications and utilities). It should be noted that the concept of an N sector is not standard in the field of economics. [c] The estimates of trade are obtained by adding merchandise imports to merchandise exports. Trade openness is estimated by taking the ratio of total (merchandise) trade to national output, the latter defined as Gross Domestic Product (G.D.P.). The trade figures include trade with Japans empire (Korea, Taiwan, Manchuria, etc.); the income figures for Japan exclude income generated in the empire. [d] The Human Development Index is a composite variable formed by adding together indices for educational attainment, for health (using life expectancy that is inversely related to the level of the infant mortality rate, the IMR), and for real per capita income. For a detailed discussion of this index see United Nations Development Programme (2000). [e] Electrical generation is measured in million kilowatts generated and supplied. For 1970, the figures on NHK subscribers are for television subscribers. The symbol n.a. = not available. Sources: The figures in this table are taken from various pages and tables in Japan Statistical Association (1987), Maddison (2000), Minami (1994), and Ohkawa (1979). Flowing from this table are a number of points that bear lessons of the Denison and Chung (1976) decomposition. One cluster of points bears upon the timing of Japans income per capita growth and the relationship of manufacturing expansion to income growth. Another highlights improvements in the quality of the labor input. Yet another points to the overriding importance of domestic investment in manufacturing and the lesser significance of trade demand. A fourth group suggests that infrastructure has been important to economic growth and industrial expansion in Japan, as exemplified by the figures on electricity generating capacity and the mass diffusion of communications in the form of radio and television broadcasting. Several parts of Table 1 point to industrialization, defined as an increase in the proportion of output (and labor force) attributable to manufacturing and mining, as the driving force in explaining Japans income per capita growth. Notable in Panels A and B of the tab le is that the gap between Japanese and American income per capita closed most decisively during the 1910s, the 1930s, and the 1960s, precisely the periods when manufacturing expansion was the most vigorous. Equally noteworthy of the spurts of the 1910s, 1930s and the 1960s is the overriding importance of gross domestic fixed capital formation, that is investment, for growth in demand. By contrast, trade seems much less important to growth in demand during these critical decades, a point emphasized by both Minami (1994) and by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973). The notion that Japanese growth was export led during the nine decades between 1880 and 1970 when Japan caught up technologically with the leading Western nations is not defensible. Rather, domestic capital investment seems to be the driving force behind aggregate demand expansion. The periods of especially intense capital formation were also the periods when manufacturing production soared. Capital formation in manufacturing, or in infrastructure supporting manufacturing expansion, is the main agent pushing long-run income per capita growth. Why? As Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) argue, spurts in manufacturing capital formation were associated with the import and adaptation of foreign technology, especially from the United States These investment spurts were also associated with shifts of labor force out of agriculture and into manufacturing, construction and facilitating sectors where labor productivity was far higher than it was in labor-intensive farming centered around labor-intensive rice cultivation. The logic of productivity gain due to more efficient allocation of labor resources is apparent from the right hand column of Panel A in Table 1. Finally, Panel C of Table 1 suggests that infrastructure investment that facilitated health and educational attainment (combined public and private expenditure on sanitation, schools and research laboratories), and public/private investment in physical infrastructure including dams and hydroelectric power grids helped fuel the expansion of manufacturing by improving human capital and by reducing the costs of transportation, communications and energy supply faced by private factories. Mosk (2001) argues that investments in human-capital-enhancing (medicine, public health and education), financial (banking) and physical infrastructure (harbors, roads, power grids, railroads and communications) laid the groundwork for industrial expansions. Indeed, the social capability for importing and adapting foreign technology emphasized by Ohkawa and Rosovsky (1973) can be largely explained by an infrastructure-driven growth hypothesis like that given by Mosk (2001). In sum, Denison and Chung (1976) argue that a combination of input factor improvement and growth in output per combined factor inputs account for Japans most rapid spurt of economic growth. Table 1 suggests that labor quality improved because health was enhanced and educational attainment increased; that investment in manufacturing was important not only because it increased capital stock itself but also because it reduced dependence on agriculture and went hand in glove with improvements in knowledge; and that th e social capacity to absorb and adapt Western technology that fueled improvements in knowledge was associated with infrastructure investment. References Denison, Edward and William Chung. Economic Growth and Its Sources. In Asias Next Giant: How the Japanese Economy Works, edited by Hugh Patrick and Henry Rosovsky, 63-151. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1976. Horioka, Charles Y. Future Trends in Japans Savings Rate and the Implications Thereof for Japans External Imbalance.Japan and the World Economy 3 (1991): 307-330. Japan Statistical Association. Historical Statistics of Japan [Five Volumes]. Tokyo: Japan Statistical Association, 1987. Johnson, Chalmers. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982. Maddison, Angus. Monitoring the World Economy, 1820-1992. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2000. Minami, Ryoshin. Economic Development of Japan: A Quantitative Study. [Second edition]. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan Press, 1994. Mitchell, Brian. International Historical Statistics: Africa and Asia. New York: New York University Press, 1982. Mosk, Carl. Japanese Industrial History: Technology, Urbanization, and Economic Growth. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2001. Nakamura, Takafusa. The Postwar Japanese Economy: Its Development and Structure, 1937-1994. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1995. Ohkawa, Kazushi. Production Structure. In Patterns of Japanese Economic Development: A Quantitative Appraisal, edited by Kazushi Ohkawa and Miyohei Shinohara with Larry Meissner, 34-58. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979. Ohkawa, Kazushi and Henry Rosovsky. Japanese Economic Growth: Trend Acceleration in the Twentieth Century. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1973. Smith, Thomas. Native Sources of Japanese Industrialization, 1750-1920. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988. Uriu, Robert. Troubled Industries: Confronting Economic Challenge in Japan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996. United Nations Development Programme. Human Development Report, 2000. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. Citation: Mosk, Carl. Japan, Industrialization and Economic Growth. EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. January 18, 2004. URL http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/mosk.japan.final