Miranda v. Arizona Essay

Supreme Court Decision: The Supreme Court ruled 5-4 in favor of Miranda and it also enforced the Miranda warning to be given to a person being interrogated while in the custody of the police. Miranda Warning: You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say or do can and will be held against you in a court of law. You have the right to speak to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you. Do you understand these rights as they have been read to you? The Supreme Court held that Miranda’s constitutional rights were not violated during interrogation. Case Background: A Mexican immigrant residing in Phoenix, Arizona, Ernesto Miranda, was identified to be a suspect in the line-up of a woman who accused him of rape and kidnapping. Police then arrested and interrogated Miranda. It took up to at least two hours of interrogation by police until Miranda the confessed to the crimes. The confession was written. During the two hours of interrogation, police did not once mention Miranda’s neither Fifth Amendment Protection against self-incrimination nor his Sixth amendment right to have the right to an attorney. After Miranda’s confession the case was then taken to trial hosted by Arizona state court an prosecutors used the oral and written confession as evidence against Miranda. Miranda was then found guilty and he was convicted and sentenced to 20-30 years in prison on each count. The conviction was then upheld due to the fact the Miranda’s attorney appealed to Arizona’s Supreme Court which then led to the case being appealed to the United States Supreme Court which also connected the case with four other similar ones. The court later came to an agreement that it is mandatory that the police have the role of protecting the rights of the accused suspect guaranteed by the Fifth and Sixth Amendments. After the Supreme Court came to the ruling, the rights to be read were the named the Miranda Rights in honor of Ernesto Miranda.

Coca Cola Analysis

1 I. Introduction â€Å"Coca-Cola and Shasta. † These two products are in the same industry and both were invented around the same time. Nonetheless, a very different perception comes to consumers? mind when they hear these two words. In the 21st cent ury, Coca-Cola is considered one of the most valuable brands in the world, whereas Shasta is mostly known in United States, particularly in the West Coast region. Coca-Cola is owned and operat ed by The Coca-Cola Company, and Shasta is currently owned by National Beverage Corp. This report will examine, compare, and analyze both companies in terms of operation, promotion, management, and finance.In addition, SWOT analysis and Porter? s Five Forces will be conducted to evaluate the companies? positions in the industry. The report will also identify several issues that both companies currently face and suggest alternatives and recommendations in order assist Shasta, a subsidiary of National Beverage Corp. , to gain more market shar e. Table 3 exhibits that National Beverage Corp. makes up only about 2. 8% of the soft drink industry in 2010. Company Background Dr. John Pemberton, a pharmacist from Atlanta, invented Coca -Cola in 1886. The world? s largest non-alcoholic beverage company trademarked its name and logo in 1893.After thirty years of establishment, the company went public in 1919. The share price of its initial public offering (IPO) was $40 a share (Datamonitor, 2010). Coca-Cola expanded rapid ly; it is currently available in more than 200 countries and reaches about 99% of the world population (National Geographic Channel, 2011). Consumption rate of trademarked or licensed products amounts to 1. 7 billion servings a day. As of December 31, 2010, the company has 139,600 employees worldwide (The Coca-Cola Company, 2011). Similarly, Shasta was founded in 1889, three years after Coca-Cola. In Northern California, Mt.Shasta, â€Å"a group of businessmen opened a health and vacation resort at the s ite a nd featured naturally carbonated spring water. † The carbonated water received positive feedbacks from clients who stayed at the health and vacation resort . Shortly after, t hese businessmen established Shasta Mineral Springs Company and started selling the product throughout the West Coast region, including California, Oregon, and Washington. In 1928, the company was renamed The Shasta Water Company, and began to diversify its carbonated water line to a segment with more flavors. In 1985, Shasta was acq uired by National Beverage Corp.Despite of the acquisition and product diversification, Shasta is serving the same West Coast market that it was serving decades ago (Shasta Beverage, Inc, 2010). Target Market Coca-Cola views everyone as potential consu mers. Coca-Cola targets all age groups; however, the one with most potential is the age group between 18 to 25 years old , which tends to have busy lifestyles. Furthermore, the company attempts to appeal students and family-ori ented consumers. The socio-economic status of these demographics ranges from lower to upper-lower income level (Grimm, 2000). These are a few characteristics of Coca -Cola? target market. Soft drink Industry 2 Shasta? s main focus is variety. Even though the company sells a variety of cola, the sales of other flavors are better. Statistics show that ethnic groups prefer flavored drinks over cola. Based on this research, Shasta has centered its target market on et hnic groups. Shasta? s demographic targets: low to middle income consumers, less educated individuals, and large families. Psycho -graphically, the company targets individuals who look for value and quality in a product, like Shasta cola, as an alternative to Coca-Cola or Pepsi (C.Anicich, E-mail Interview, April 20, 2011). Table 3: Industry Trends & Comparison Analysis (source: Beverage Digest) Source: Beverage-Digest (Top-10 CSD Results for 2010). II. Operational Analysis ? The Coca-Cola Company Raw Materials Water is the main ingredient used in Coca-Cola? s products. The soft drink is made from diluting water with concentrates and sweeteners. The concentrates used in Coca -Cola? s beverage remains a secret; therefore, the company does not allow filming during manufacturing processes. According to National Geographic (2011), the beverage is made with 90 percent water.Because water? s taste varies at every location, Coca-Cola has to neutralize the water to ensure that its products taste consistently worldwide. The other main ingredient is high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and since imported sugar is more expensive, Coca-Cola uses HFCS as its principal sweetener. Manufacturing Coca-Cola is the largest player in the non-alcoholic beverage industry. It operates in over 206 countries and has 900 bottling plants and factories worldwide with locations such as Eurasia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, as well as North America (National Geographic, 2011).Due to this, these manufacturers must adhere to strict sta ndards in order to produce sta ndardized CocaCola? s products. Moreover, Coca-Cola manages its manufacturing processes efficiently. For Soft drink Industry 3 example, the new factory in Baton Rouge operates 24 hours a day, five days a week, and can produce up to 4. 5 million beverages in one day. Additionally, in recent efforts to be environmental friendly, the company announces that it will change its electrical equipments and reduce water usage. The decision is projected to save the company approximately one million dollars annually. DistributionsCoca-Cola has the world? s largest distribution system; hence, it is a ble to reach almost every region (Coca-Cola Co. , 2011). The company distributes its beverages to consumers through various retailers, wholesalers, vending machines, and distribution centers. Furthermore, it sells its syrup and concentrates to cafes and restaurants used in fountain drink dispensers. ? National Beverage Corp. (Shasta) Raw Materials National Beverage Cor p. collaborates with many suppliers for raw materials and packages. Moreover, the company consolidates its purchasing function for cost containment purposes (National Beverage Corp. 0K, 2010). This advantage allows the company to compete against major beverage companies. Some of the materials used to produce the beverages are sweeteners, juice concentrates, carbon dioxide, water, glass, p lastic bottles, aluminum cans, paper, cartons, and closures (NBC 10K, 2010). The costs of the materials are very volatile; reasons being are because of gas prices, tariffs, foreign exchange fluctuations, etc. Consequently, the company purchases forward agreements with suppliers to minimize the price increases on certain materials. Manufacturing National Beverage Corp. ets up manufacturing plants strategically. Its twelve manufacturing facilities are located near major U. S. metropolitan cities; thus, enab ling the company to distribute products promptly and efficiently (NBC 10K, 2010). In manufactu ring plants, the company bottles and cans its beverages. National Beverage Corp. believes that ownership of bottling facilities provides a competitive advantage o ver some competitors? dependency on third party bottlers (NBC 10K, 2010). As a result, the company is able build its own competitive advantage and become s more experienced and efficient. Distributions National Beverage Corp. tilizes a hybrid distribution system to deliver products through three primary distribution channels: take-home, convenience and food-service (NBC 10K, 2010). Take-home channel distributes to grocery stores, wholesalers, and warehouse stores such as Costco. Secondly, the convenience channel, which distributes to gas station and convenient stores such as 7-Eleven stores. This channel allows the company to charge higher selling price than the other channels because of lower sales volumes. The last channel is food-service. This channel distributes its products to schools, hotels, airlines, restaurants, a nd other food related places.Soft drink Industry 4 III. Promotional Analysis ? The Coca-Cola Company Word-of-Mouth Consumers are talking about brands and companies every day, and it so happens that a vast number of conversations are about Coca-Cola. According to Keller Fay Group, a research marketing firm, a study of 25,142 consumers shows that Coca-Cola is currently the most talked about brand in America (Wang, 2008). This finding demonstrates and measures the sample of consumers? conversations on a daily basis. In addition, the CEO of Keller Fay Group, Ed Keller, states, â€Å"†¦these brands fall under the realm of „social categories? and have greater frequency of purchase. As a result, consumers are exposed to packaged goods? logos and slogans frequently. The more products consumers purchase daily, the more likely that they are to start conversations about the products within their social circles. The table below exhibits the ten most talked about brands and Coca-Cola is placed first. Top 10 Word-of-Mouth Most Talked About Brands: 1. Coca-Cola 6. Ford 2. AT&T 7. Dell Computers 3. Verizon 8. Sony 4. Pepsi 9. Chevrolet 5. Wal-Mart 10. McDonald's Public Relations Coca-Cola has strong public relations because it is always on the forefront of contributing to the community and society.For instance, Coca-Cola recently announces to the press that it has just established the Coca-Cola Japan Reconstruction Fund, which promises to raise 2. 5 billion yens ($31 million U. S dollars), to assist the reconstruction of Japan over the next three years (â€Å"Coca-Cola raises†, 2011). As a result of this generous act, Coca-Cola will receive great public media presses. Social Media Since the emergence of social media on the Internet, Coca-Cola has increased its presence in the global community. For example, Coca-Cola? s Facebook page has more than 5. 18 million fans and still growing, which makes Coca-Cola? page one of the top fan pages on Facebook (Staff, 2 010). This illustrates the immense community support and brand loyalty the company receives on the Internet. In addition, Coca-Cola also utilizes the Internet as a tool to support the community in charitable acts. Example being, Coca-Cola promises to give one dollar to the Boys and Girls Club every time a Facebook user gives a friend a â€Å"virtual coke;† thus, raising about $126,000 for the organization (Staff, 2010). Overall, Coca-Cola uses the social media for community engagements and also to reach out to more consumers.Global Branding As the first mover in the market, Coca-Cola is currently known as a global brand, not just Soft drink Industry 5 an American brand. For instance, when the company entered the China market in 1928, the first direct translations of Coca-Cola had absurd meanings; such as â€Å"bite the wax tadpole† or â€Å"female horse stuffed with wax. † However, with due diligence and core competency in branding research, Coca-Cola was able t o choose different characters pronounced â€Å"K'o K'ou K'o LE, † which literally means, â€Å"let the mouth rejoice† or â€Å"happiness in the mouth† (Wooten, 2011).This proves that the company takes branding seriously and tackles every global venture strategically by adapting to local cultures. ? National Beverage Corp. (Shasta) Overview In the company? s mission statement, National Beverag e Corp.? s main focus is variety. Its soft drink line has over thirty different flavors with new flavors being tested every day. Its goal is to have consumers identify themselves with particular flavors. As individuals grow older, their likes, tastes, and personalities will change. National Beverage Corp. encourages its consumers to link their transformations to their favorite soft drinks.Its other objective is to promote itself as a friendly soft drink company that everyone can relate to. By using social media platforms such as Facebook, the company is able to reach out to current as well as new consumers. Also, word-ofmouth is known as the greatest influence for consumers ; thus, National Beverage Corp. hopes to satisfy consumers in order to create a word-of-mouth â€Å"boom† effect. Conceivably, this tactic can possibly lure over other consumers who belong to its competitors. The company also follows a consumer-based promotional strategy t hat centralizes on fitting the consumer? image to his or her favorite drink, rather than creating an image for consumers like Coca -Cola. With this, National Beverage Corp.? s promotional strategy can be dissected into parts by engaging the promotional strategy mix: advertisement, public relations, sales promotion, personal selling, and direct mail. Advertising Recently, National Beverage Corp. began showing television and online commercials highlighting its low prices in comparison to larger soft drink co mpanies. These comical commercials exhibit individuals being hit in the heads with a Shasta can; thus , coining the â€Å"Hit in the Head† theme.The end of the advertisement shows a statement, â€Å"Some people wouldn? t know a good deal even if it hits them in the head. † The focal point is to gain a satirical image in the viewers? minds to reiterate the fact that National Beverage Corp.? s soft drinks are usually priced lower than its competitors. Moreover, the vibrant colors used in the commercial highlight the many flavors that the company carries. Public Relations National Beverage Corp. cleverly uses the Internet as a medium to promote its image as a â€Å"neighborhood friend† to its consumers.By utilizing Facebook, the company starts a monthly promotional page called â€Å"Shasta Pop,† which is maintained by its employees who post three to four weekly highlights. These posts mainly discuss about advertising soft drinks, especially around the holidays. In addition, there are recipes on how Shasta can be combined in daily cooking. Soft drink Industry 6 Sales promotion Presently, based on its â€Å"Shasta Pop† Facebook page, National Beverage Corp. uses a Shasta van that travels around California and gives out free soda cans, discounts, coupons, and T-shirts. This promotional tactic is known as â€Å"Sha sta Pop Stops. For example, to promote new flavors, Stater Bros. will be inviting the Shasta pop van with KFROP radio station to its store locations. Moreover, fans are able to follow the Shasta van by tuning in to some of their local radio stations. Personal Selling In terms of sales, National Beverage Corp. mainly conducts business with local retail grocery stores. In order to promote its products, it offers attractive discounts to retailers through partnerships. For example, a retailer that chooses to place National Beverage Corp.? s products in front of the store will receive a higher profit for every sale. Direct MailAs Internet usage increased exponentially over the years, National Beverage Co rp. uses the Internet to send promotions to consumers via E -mail. Subscribers of â€Å"Shasta Pop† Facebook page receive periodic coupons through their Facebook? s wall and E-mail accounts. IV. Financial Analysis ? Sales Graph 1 shows that Coca-Cola generates most of its revenue from international markets. The U. S. revenue accounted for 31. 7% of the total revenues in 2010, which was $11. 1 billion, a gain of 34. 6% compared to 2009 revenues. Moreover, international markets made up 74. 1% of the total revenues in 2010, which was about $23. billion, an increase of 4% compared to 2009 international revenues. The significant growth in U. S. sales can be traced to the gain from the acquisition of Coca-Cola Enterprises and the growt h of its other beverage products, such as Fuze, Trademark Simply, and tea. However, international market sales rose slightly due to the concurrent growth in emerging markets as well as a decline in developed markets. Additionally, the unfavorable impact of foreign curren cy exchange rates was primarily responsible for a stronger U. S. dollar compared to other currencies (Coca-Cola, 2011, p. 63). Graph1: Coca Cola 2010 Sales by Segment 3% 0% 7% 13% 11% 14% 32% Source: 2010 Coca – Cola 10-K Report Soft drink Industry Eurasia & Africa Europe Latin America North America Pacific Bottling Investment Corporate 7 On the other hand, National Beverage Corp. sells its products to U. S. market only. Therefore, its domestic sales account ed for 100% of the total revenue in 2010, which was $593. 5 million, an increase of 3. 2% from 2009. Robust revenue in 2010 resulted from growth in the sales of case volume of 1. 2% for energy drinks, juices a nd waters; and 5. 1% for branded carbonated soft drinks. Moreover, â€Å"unit pricing increased 0. % which mostly due to positive product mix changes. The improvement was partially offset by a decline in allied branded volume† (NBC, 2011, p. 13). For the past six years, Coca-Cola increased its revenues and ne t incomes with average growth rates range from 8% to 18% annually. In 2005, sales were only $23. 1 billion. However, 2010 sales amount ed to $35. 1 billion, an increase of 13% from 2009. Additionally, 2010 net income was $11. 8 billion, an increase of 72% from 2009. The large growth was due to when the company acquired Coca-Cola Enterprises in October 2010, it recorded other income of $4. 8 billion.However, Coca-Cola experienced drawbacks in 2009 after the 2008 market crash. Its revenue dropped 3% to $30. 9 billion; nonetheless, its net income still gr ew to 17. 5% during 2009 as a result of price increase and effective cost cutting method of operating expenses as well as cost of goods sold (see Table 1). Even though National Beverage Corp. did not experience as much growth as Coca-Cola in its financial statements, its revenues have also been rising steadily since 2005. In 2010, revenue reached its highest level at $593. 5 million, an increase of 3% from 2009. Likewise, 2010 net inc ome was $32. million, an increase of 33% from 2009, primarily due to â€Å"higher sales volume, favorable changes in product mix and lower raw material costs† (NBC 10 -K, 2010, pg 13). Since 2005, revenue increased with an average of 3% per year, and net income growth averaged 11% annually. National Beverage Corp. experienced some setbacks in 2008 when the recession occurred. Though revenue increased, net income decreased by 9% to $22. 5 million (see Table 2). Table 1: Coca Cola Company (2005 -2010) (in millions) 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Net Oper. Revenue 35,119 30,990 31,944 28,857 24,088 23,104 Cost of goods sold 12,693 11,088 11,374 10,406 ,164 8,195 S elling, general and admin expenses 13,158 11,358 11,774 10,945 9,431 8,739 Net Income 11,859 6,906 5,874 Source: sec. gov (Coca – Cola Company 10-K Consolidated Income Statement) 5,981 5,080 4,872 Table 2: National Beverage Corp. (2005 -2010) (in thousands) 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Net sales 593,465 575,177 566,001 539,030 516,802 495,572 Cost of sales 396,450 405,322 393,420 365,793 349,131 340,206 S elling, general and admin expenses 145,159 131,918 138,447 137,212 135,090 130,037 24,742 22,480 24,682 22,226 16,886 Net income 32,853 Source: sec. gov (NBC 10-K Consolidated Income Statement) Soft drink Industry 8 ?Financial Overview According to data compiled by Bloomberg, Coca-Cola, leader in non-alcoholic beverage industry, is valued at $153. 15 billion via the market capitalization method. On the contrary, National Beverage Corp. , on the mid-size market capitalization roster, is valued at only $628. 23 million. In another word, Coca-Cola? s value is approximately 244 times more than National Beverage Corp.? s. Table 1 and table 2 show the income statements for these two companies for comparison purposes. Coca-Cola has been able to increase its revenues year after year and recorded top net sales at $35. 1 billion in 2010. Gross margin was 63. %, or another way of interpreting this i s the company took away $0. 639 per dollar of sale. Furthermore, after all expenses and income tax deductions, $0. 336 was net income per dollar of sale. The company boosted its bottom line from $6. 8 billion to $11. 8 billion primarily through revenue growth ($31. 0 billion to $35. 1 billion). For costs associated with cost of goods such as selling, general and administrative expenses (SGA) and income tax, a ll increased as a percentage of sales. However, the growth in revenue contributed enough to still see net income improve (Coca-Cola, 2011). Similarly, National Beverage Corp. as also been able to increase its revenue; therefore, increasing its net income year aft er year. Gross margin in 2010 was 33. 2% compared to 29. 5% in 2009. Due to lower economies of scale, National Beverage Corp.? s largest expense has been consistently cost of goods sold. Even though the company was able to reduce cost of goods sold expense from 70. 47% to 66. 80%, this expense was still high and is fin ancially harmful. However, the reduction in cost of goods sold in 2010 was a major driver that led to a bottom line growth from $24. 7 million to $32. 9 million (NBC 10-K, 2010). ? Financial Ratios Analysis Coca-ColaCOKE (KO:US) Current Quick ROA ROE Assets Turnover Inventory Turnover A/P Turnover A/R Turnover 1. 17 0. 85 14. 82% 42. 32% 0. 58 5. 07 times or 72 days 7. 88 times or 46. 32 days 8. 58 times or 42. 54 days LTDebt to Assets Total Liabilities to Total Assets Interest Coverage 0. 19 0. 57 19. 43 Coca-Cola? s financial ratios indicate that the company is in good health. In respect to profitability, return on assets (ROA) was 14. 82% and return on equity (ROE) was 42. 32%. These figures help the investors to assess management performance. Furthermore, liquidity indicators measure the company? s ability to meet short-term obligations.In 2010, current and quick ratios were 1. 17 and 0. 85, respectively. The quick ratio presents a more stringent figure on liquidity. Even though the â€Å"Golden Rule† states that it should be at least one, a figure like Coca -Cola? s can Soft drink Industry 9 be considered normal for a multinational company. Solvency calculations include long-term debt to total assets as well as total liabilities to total assets, which calculated at 0. 19 and 0. 57, respectively. Additionally, the interest coverage ratio, which indicates how many times interest expense is covered by operating profits before taxes and interest are factored in. Coca-Cola? interest coverage ratio was 19. 43, which meant operating profit was about 19 times larger than interest expense. Although there were not enough liquid assets to satisfy current obligations (total liabilities to total assets ratio of 0. 57), operating profit was more than adequate to service the debts. In addition to the calculations above, activity ratios measure how effective the company is utilizing its assets. Assets turnover, the amount of sales generat ed for every dollar's wor th of assets, was 0. 6. Inventory turnover, indicates how many times a company's inventory is sold and replaced over a period, and calculated at 5. 7 times per year or every 72 days. This shows that inventories were managed well. Accounts payable, represents an entity's obligation to pay off a short-term debt to its creditors, was 7. 88 times or every 46 days. Accounts receivable, is used to quantify a firm's effectiveness in extending credit as well as collecting debts, reported at 8. 58 times per year or every 43 days (Coca-Cola, 2011). National Beverage Corp. NBC (FIZZ:US) Current Quick ROA ROE Assets Turnover Inventory Turnover A/P Turnover A/R Turnover LT-Debt to Assets Total Liabilities to Total Assets Interest Coverage 2. 30 1. 71 20. 1% 21. 05% 2. 35 10. 67 times or 34. 21 days 8. 12 times or 45 days 11. 04 times or 33. 06 days N/A 0. 41 432. 13 For a mature company like National Beverage Corp. with a much smaller market capitalization, financial ratios indicate good perform ance year after year. Profitabi lity ratios like ROA and ROE were 20. 51% and 21. 05%, respectively. These returns on investment calculations were well above the industry? s average, which is very impressive. Liquidity indicators, such as current and quick, were 2. 30 and 0. 9, respectively. Unfortunately, these figures were below the industry? s aggregate.In regards to solvency indicators, total liabilities to total assets ratio was 0. 41:1 or $0. 41 debt for every dollar of asset. National Beverage Corp. used little or no debt in its capital structure and may have less financial risk than the indu stry? s aggregate. This increased the interest coverage ratio to 432. 13, meaning operating profit was 432 times larger than interest expense. Lastly, an activity ratio, such as total assets was $2. 35 revenue generated per dollar of asset. Inventory was presented at 10. 67 times per year, or every 34 days of cost of goods sold tied up in inventories.Accounts payable ratio indicates that the company collected 8. 12 times per year or every 34 days. Accounts receivable, reported at 11. 04 times per year or about every 33 Soft drink Industry 10 days worth of sales outstanding. In conclusion, National Beverage Corp. also appears to be in good financial standing. V. SWOT & Porter’s Five Forces Analysis ? SWOT Analysis Coca-Cola SWOT Analysis Strengths: Weaknesses: – Strong brand image and customer loyalty – High fixed costs of business – Robust global infrastructures and distribution – Several product recalls system – Higher prices compared to others Various product offerings – Solid financial condition and market presence Opportunities: Threats: – Expand to other developing countries – Change in customer preferences – Offer new beverages/drinks – Global economic recession – Shift focus to volume/price/ mix – Foreign exchange fluctuations National Beverage Corp. SWOT Analysis Stre ngths: Weaknesses: – Diverse product offerings – Low profit margin – Hybrid distribution system – Limited to U. S. market only Opportunities: – Expand to other neighboring countries – Offer new beverages/drinks – Increase in the non-alcoholic beverage ndustry ? Threats: – Change in customer preferences – Global economic recession – Rising cost of inputs – Competition from major beverage manufacturers Porter’s Five Forces (Soft Drink Industry) Threat of new entrants (Low): (H): Low switching cost for buyer, Low product differentiation (L): High economies of scale, High capital requirement, Low access to distribution channel Power of buyers (Moderate-High): (H): Low switching cost for buyer, Moderate product differentiation for supplier (L): Low purchase volume for buyer, Low threat of backward integration Power of suppliers (High): H): High switching cost to another supplier, High suppliers? concentra tion, Low availability for product substitute Soft drink Industry 11 (L): High importance of customer, Low t hreat of forward integration Threat of substitute product (Moderate-High): (H): High differentiation of substitute product (L): Low price performance relationship Intensity of Rivalry (Very high): (H): High number of competitors, Low industry growth rate, high fixed cost and storage cost, Low switching cost for buyers, High exit barriers (L): None Threat of New Entry (Low) Supplier Power (High)Competitive Rivalry (Very High) Buyer Power (Moderate High) Threat of Substitution (ModerateHigh) VI. Management Analysis The management analysis section will examine management structures, corporate policies, mission statement s, and vision statements of both The Coca-Cola Company and the National Beverage Corp. The management structure segment will explore the corporate leaders and executives as well as the workplace environment. A segment on corporate policy will observe responsibili ties and ethics expectations of every employee. The last segment will analyze each company? mission and vision statement and what it means to the company. ? The Coca-Cola Company Management Structure Management at the corporate level is headed by Muhtar Kent, Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer. Other top officers at the Coca -Cola Company include Executive Vice President Irial Finan, Chief Financial Officer Gary Fayard, President of North America Alexander Douglas, and President of Latin America Jose Reyes. Soft drink Industry 12 Coca-Cola creates a winning culture by developing a diverse workplace. At the core, there is the â€Å"right employee† value proposition, which is directly ffected by four key values. These values are finding the right talent, right capabilities, right leaders, and the right workplace (Global Diversity, Our Strategic Framework 2010). In order to create the right workplace, the company must sustain positive diversity and fa irness on all levels of operations. Finding the right talent relates to matching the right people with the market they serve. Building the right capabilities is about sharing social culture and knowledge in the workplace. The right leaders leverage talent in the workplace to achieve superior results across the business.Coca-Cola Company currently employs 139,600 people, also known as â€Å"associates† (Businessweek, 2011). Corporate Policy and Ethics The Coca-Cola Company has been able to enhance its reputation through integrity and ethical conduct. Therefore, it is important for the company to safeguard these values and set standards to ensure employees do the right thing. The company? s Code of Business Conduct covers guidelines on integrity around the globe, internal as well as external integrity, and conflicts of interest. Mission and Vision Statement The Coca-Cola Company has set long term road-map of acquiring its bottling partners.The 2020 vision defines the company? s attitudes and behaviors that are required to turn the vision into reality. Furthermore, Coca-Cola? s mission statement serves as a guideline for company? s actions and decisions (Mission, Vision, Values, 2010). ? National Beverage Corp. Management Structure The executive team at National Beverage Co rp. is led by Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer Nick A. Caporella. Other top officers include President Joseph Caporella, Principal Financial Officer George Bracken, Executive Vice President of Procurement Edward Knecht, and Chief Accounting Officer Dean McCoy.National Beverage Corp. has been able to create a winning cultur e through several key factors. First, t he company works as a whole towards strength, knowledge, and longevity of management team ([NBC] The Difference, 2010). Its seco nd factor is the flexibility to plan globally and act locally, this includes the process of vertical integration, hybrid distribution, and basket of beverages ([NBC] The Difference, 20 10). The company currently employs 1,200 workers (Businessweek, 2010). Corporate Policy and Ethics Ethical conduct is vital to ensure successful and lasting business relationships (National Beverage Corp.Code of Ethics, 2007). National Beverage Corp. also sets high standards of ethics for all its employees, supervisors, and managers. These include the procedures for the employees to act accordingly when dealing with the following: ? Conflicts of interest ? The use of entertainment, gifts, and payments Soft drink Industry 13 ? Relationships with customers or suppliers, and government employees ? Receipt of items by National Beverage Corp. employees ? Complete and accurate financial records as well as communication ? The use of company assets ? Workplace environmentMission and Vision Statement National Beverage Corp. continually strives to set a higher standard for value, quality, variety and innovation as a leader in the beverage industry ([NBC] The Difference, 2010). It continually positions itself as a unique beverage company with innovative ideas. Furthermore, the company places its people, products research and development, environment, packaging, and consumers at its forefront to create innovative advantages for the company. VII. Alternatives Financial Objectives According to most observers, there are two strategies for achieving superior erformance in any business. One strategy is product and service differentiation; the other is low -cost leadership. In National Beverage Corp.? s case, it is appropriate to suggest a low-cost leadership strategy. This method focuses on consumers? attention on product pricing, often using such slogans as â€Å"everyday low prices† or â€Å"the lowest price in town. † The goal is for the company to become the lowest cost producer in the marketplace so it can underprice the competition, achieve the highest sales volumes, and still make a profit on each sale.This can be attained by making quantity discount purch ases, having a lean administrative structure, and using production efficiencies from vigorous cost containment. As the business environment changes, few companies actually pursue just one strategy. Most will attempt to implement both-developing customer loyalty while controlling costs. National Beverage Corp.? s management will now ha ve to decide to: (1) improve profit margin, (2) increase asset turnover (more sales volume or fewer assets), or (3) both. In this case, it is best for management to formulate goals to increase profit margin.Profit Margin ROA and Competitive Advantage 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 NBC 0 0. 5 1 1. 5 2 Assets Turnover Soft drink Industry 2. 5 3 COKE 14 Strategic Objectives The core business from these two companies stems from the production of soft drinks. Coca-Cola has its Coke line as National Beverage Corp. has Shasta. Unfortunately, there are many products within Nat ional Beverage Corp. that cause brand dilution. To overcome this effect, the company can shift f ocus back to the Shasta brand and eliminate low performing players. This will in turn, strengthen Shasta and consolidate the brands that are left.Some alternatives the company may want to consider are broken down into short-term and long-term. Short-term In order for Shasta to gain greater brand recognition in a short time, it is imperative that National Beverage Corp. increases its marketing budget. Several possibilities to better market Shasta are: ? Advertise at college sports events ? Target more local domestic stores to increase â€Å"Buzz† effect ? Use celebrity advertising, specifically o lder television show celebrities ? Create a new commercial that is consistent with the marketing strategy of Shasta (example: promote self-identities of consumers through favorite soft rinks) These potential marketing strategies all focus on strengthening Shasta? s brand image. They also allow the company to remain consistent with its overall marketing plan. Long-term Further analysis shows that Shasta? s range of consumers is very narrow. The company only distributes in four states: California, Arizona, Utah, and Minnesota. Several approaches to increase sales of Shasta are: ? Distribute to more states ? Develop distributing partnerships with large retailers like Target Expanding distribution channels will boost sales of Shasta. The residual income can then be used to invest in building new production plants.Moreover, developing contracts and partnership s with large retailers like Target will ensure greater product placement, therefore, revamp brand awareness among consumers. VIII. Recommendations Short Term Create a new commercial that is consistent with the marketing strategy of Shasta Shasta rarely advertises on TV or online. However, it does have a popular commercial, which aired recently, â€Å"Hit in the head. † Unfortunately, it is neither good nor interesting. Besides, it does not match with the company? s current marketing strategy to have cons umers identify themselves with their favorite beverages.If Shasta is able to create a different approach for its advertising method and follow its marketing strategy, it may be able to obtain greater brand recognition and market shares in the soft drink industry. Since Shasta is National Beverage Corp.? s core competency, the company should approach the consumers based on this beverage line. The best way is to create a commercial that promotes self-identity based on the flavors that Shasta offers. With the target market being very diverse, this new commercial might appeal not Soft drink Industry 15 to just different ethnic groups, but also younger consumers who like to be different and unique.Long Term Develop distributing partnerships with large retailers to increase p rofit margin In 2010, National Beverage Corp. had a 66% cost of sales ratio, whereas Coca-Cola had 34. 3%. National Beverage Corp. „s cost of sales was excessively high for industry? s standard; therefore, was the primary cause of low profit margin. In order to increase profit margin, the company should lower its production costs by achieving larger economies of scale through building or developing distributing partnerships with large retailers like Target. This in turn will lower production and distribution costs.Consequently, Shasta cola brand will be availa ble to many other states and reach more consumers and markets; thus, boosting revenue and total sales volume. Soft drink Industry 16 XI. Bibliography About National Beverage Corp.. (2009, January 1). National Beverage Corp.. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www. nationalbeverage. com/10AboutNBC. htm Coca Cola Company. (2008, Feb. 28). 2007 Form 10-K. Retrieved March 29, 2011, from http://sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/21344/000119312508041768/d10k. htm Coca Cola Company. (2011, Feb. 28). 2010 Form 10-K. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://ir. thecoca-colacompany. com/phoenix. zhtml? =94566&p=IROLsecToc&TOC=aHR0cDovL2lyLmludC53Z XN0 bGF3YnVzaW5lc3MuY29tL2RvY3VtZW50L3YxLzAwMDEwNDc0NjktMTEtMDAx NTA2L3RvYy9wYWdl&ListAll=1&sXBRL=1 Coca-Cola Raises Total Pledge to 2. 5bln Yen for Japan Relief. (2011). Asia Pulse. Datamonitor. (2010, Apr. 15). National Beverage Corp: Company Profile. Datamonitor Company Profiles Authority. Retrieved March 27, 2011, from http://search. ebscohost. com. lib-proxy. fullerton. edu/login. aspx? direct=true&db= buh&authdb=dmhco&AN=7E22BD44-DB90-4E61-AE79-F5F25D7169FB&site=bsilive Datamonitor. (2010, May 28). The Coca Cola Company: Company Profile . Datamonitor Company Profiles Authority.Retrieved March 27, 2011, from http://search. ebscohost. com. lib-proxy. fullerton. edu/login. aspx? direct=true &db=buh&authdb=dmhco&AN=37CB5616-D04E-49EE-9F5CFFE75047D6FF&site=bsi-live Disclaimer/Terms of Use. (2009, January 1). National Beverage Corp.. Retrieved March 27, 2011, from http://www. nationalbeverage. com/SiteInfo. htm Events & Promotions – Shasta. (2010, January 1). Shasta Beverages , Inc. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from http://www. shastapop. com/events-promotions/ Grimm, M. (2000). Drink me. American Demographics, 22(2), 62-63. Marketing Mix (4 p's) – Promotion and Promotional Strategies. (2010).Welcome to Learnmarketing. net – Learn about Marketing here. Free Marketing Education, Lessons and Marketing Resources. Retrieved March 27, 2011, from http://www. learnmarketing. net/promotion. htm Mission, Vision, & Values. (2011) Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/ourcompany/mission_vision_values. html National Beverage Corp. (2007, Jul. 12). 2007 Form 10-K. Retrieved March 29, 2011, from http://sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/69891/000095014407006550/g08320e10vk. htm National Beverage Corp. (2007). National Beverage Corp. Code of Ethics. National Beverage Corp: Author National Beverage Corp. 2009). The Difference – Our Vision. National Beverage Corp.. Retrieved April 10, 2011, from http://www. nationalbeverage. com/ 32OurVision. htm National Beverage Corp. (2010, Jul. 15). 2010 Form 10-K. Retrieved March 29, 2011, from http://sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/69891/000095012310065795/g24048e10vk. htm Soft drink Industry 17 National Beverage Corp. (2011, Jan. 21). National Beverage Corp (FIZZ). Value Line Investment Survey, p. 4633 National Geographic Channel. (2011). Ultimate Factories [Web]. Available from http://channel. nationalgeographic. com/series/ultimate-factories/5151/Overview#tabVideos/09750_00 Nguyen, J. Interviewer) & Anicich, C. (Interviewee). (April 20, 2011). Shasta Target Market [E-mail]. Shasta Beverage, Inc. (2010). Our History. Retrieved April 17, 2011, from http://www. shastapop. com/history/ Sicher, J. (2011, March 17). Beverage-Digest. Top-10 CSD Results for 2010, 59(5), Retrieved from http://www. beverage-digest. com/pdf/top-10_2011. pdf Staff, J. (2010). Coke, Pepsi like ‘net gains; cola rivals' fans on Facebook, twitter help steer, sell the brands. The Atlanta Journal- Constitution, 13A. The Coca-Cola Company. (2010). Code of Business Conduct: Acting with Integrity Around the Globe. Coca-Cola Company: AuthorThe Coca-Cola Company (2010). Global Diversity Our Strategic Framework. Coca-Cola Company: Author The Coca-Cola Company. (2011). The Coca-Cola Company Fact Sheet. Retrieved April 17, 2011, from http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/ourcompany/pdf/Company_Fact_Sh eet. pdf Van Liew, NC. (2011, Jan. 28). Coca-cola (KO). Proceedings of the Value Line Reports for The Dow 30. Available from http://www3. valueline. com/dow30/f2084. pdf Wang, E. (2008). Study: Coke, the most talked about brand in America. Brandweek, 49(38), 009. Wooten, A. (2011). Preserving brand strength in global markets. Deseret News, WEB. Soft drink Industry Coca Cola Analysis The Coca Cola Company The company that I have chosen for my course project is the Coca Cola Company. The reason for my selection is simple, I am impressed with growth associated with Coca Cola and plan on further researching and analyzing how such growth of this magnitude is possible. The company was founded in 1886 by John Pemberton as a simple soft drink, created solely out of curiosity. John Pemberton, a pharmacist, mixed together the caramel flavored carbonated drink and initially starting selling it for 5 cents.Now 126 years later, Coca Cola has more than 3500 beverages, sold in over 200 countries and employ more than 146,200 employees. What debuted as a simple soft drink in an Atlanta pharmacy, now has a global success rate of 1. 8 billion servings per day. Product List The following product list is from research gathered covering the Coca Cola drinks of the North American Region in the United States. Globally Coca Cola has over 3500 products. The products sold solely in the Un ited States range from juices, energy drinks, soft drinks, coffees, teas, sports drinks and drink mixers.Coca Cola diverse efforts to cover every aspect of liquid drinks, whether for sporting events or simply enjoyment, have made up a total of XXXXXX in the United States alone. The original Coca Cola product was first introduced in 1886 and distributed nationally by 1899. Today you can find your favorite Coca Cola product literally anywhere in the world. Due to higher concerns for health and nutrition, in 2007 Coca Cola furnished caffeine content per serving along with already available nutritional information. Product Lines and MixThe Coca Cola Company has 7 product lines within their beverage selection. They all fall into the non alcoholic liquid beverage sold in restaurants, stores, vending machines and distribution companies in the United States. Of the 7 product lines (see table A below), you can see that the most variety falls under the soft drink line with over XXXXX of produ cts. Table A. Product Coca Cola Products have some of the most distinct flavors. At times they were criticized for adding certain ingredients, such as cocoa leaves, to enhance flavor and increased desire to drink the soft drink.Today the Coca Cola products sold in stores in the United States range from carbonated delightful drinks, to sports drinks used to fuel the body with electrolytes (See Table B. below). Coca Cola's first product was actually made by mixing a â€Å"fragrant, caramel flavored liquid and combined with carbonated water. (Coca Cola Co. , 2012). It became an almost instant sensation and today Coca Cola owns some of the favorite soft drink products sold in the U. S. such as Dr. Pepper, Sprite, PowerAde, Minute Maid, and Dasani. Table B. |Type of Drink | Popular | |Soft Drinks |Carbonated -flavored |Coca Cola- Sprite | |Juices |Non carbonated fruit drinks made from real fruit juice and |Minute Maid Lemonade | | |flavoring | | |Energy Drinks |Energy carbonated drink s made from Ginseng and Tuarine |Monster Energy | |Sports Drinks |Combines carbohydrates with fluid for hydration |POWERADE | |Tea / Coffee |Iced Coffee and Tea |Nestea | |Water |H20 |Dasani | |Other |Drink mixers, lactic drinks, and coffee blend |Bacardi Mixers | Include competition and SWOT ANALYSIS here before final draft!!! Branding Founded in 1886, the now famous brand that can be found world wide, Coca-Cola is the face to many different popular brands that we find on store shelves. In the 1950's Fanta joined Coca Cola only to be followed by Sprite, Tab, Minute Maid, Mr. Pibb, and Mello Yello.In the 1980's the famous brand Diet Coke and Cherry Coke were added, and the 1990's brought about the PowerAde and Dasani era. The Coca Cola logo has remained unchanged and impressively a letter script font so simple has become globally recognized. Packaging In 2010, Coca Cola switched from â€Å"The Coca Cola Management Company (TCCMS)† to the â€Å"Coca Cola Operating Requiremen ts (KORE)† to ensure quality, and product safety. Coca Cola holds a high standard in packaging and quality control of their operations. Coca Cola is consistently refining their efforts to maintain a high level of packaging and implementing new requirements as deemed necessary.Since Coca Cola is packaged globally, the â€Å"KORE† has implemented a set of requirements that are must be in accordance with packaging guidelines in order to protect the integrity of the product wherever it may find it's destination. The Coca Cola company first started bottling their product in 1894 in a now commonly known bottle called a â€Å"Hutchinson†. You can now find the product in a 6. 5oz, 10oz, 12oz. , 26oz. , bottle, plastic and aluminum containers. The product can also be found in a concentrate form. Sold in a carton box with the concentrate inside a plastic sealed bag, restaurant owners can then connect to their carbonated mixers and serve fountain drinks. Product FeaturesCoc a Cola has some very unique features and on top of having a patented flavor that has literally been untouched since its' debut in the late 1800's, the Coca Cola Company has now expanded it's diverse taste palette to accommodate anyone’s preference of taste. From soft drinks, to energy drinks, you can literally find a match from a Coca Cola product. One of Coca Cola's biggest product features is that you can find your favorite product shelved at a local store, anywhere in the world. A great product feature is that you can purchase it in bulk or by a single unit. Labeling The Coca Cola Company provides several labels for their customers to attain facts of the beverage that they are consuming.Nutritional Facts and UPC codes can clearly be found on Coca Cola Products. Since 2007, Coca Cola began furnishing a detailed â€Å"caffeine content in addition to nutritional information already provided. † ( Coca Cola, 2012). As of 2008, Coca Cola began providing â€Å"servings-pe r-container† and â€Å"calories-per-serving† for all customer's. Finally in 2009, Coca Cola's packaging was formatted differently to provide an immediate visual presentation of the calorie content on front of packaging. Competition It is no secret that Pepsi Cola Company is Coca Cola's direct competition. For many years we have seen the on going marketing battle of the two companies literally feuding via commercial air waves.The long battle is due in large part to Pepsi's direct marketing strategy to out due or match every single move that Coca Cola makes. The shadow-like improvements of each mega marketing campaign have proven to be cornerstones in marketing and advertising trends that we see today. The mega moves and strategies that each company has the ability to afford are a great tools for any company to take notes on and follow suit. Interestingly enough, Pepsi competes with Coca Cola in a different approach; Coca Cola has over 3500 soft drink products and Pepsi w orked its' way into marketing their brands of chips, oatmeal, snacks, cereal, teas, soft drink PricingDue to the variety of sub- brands under Coca Cola, price segmentation is in place due to the different markets and global distribution pricing as well. In the United States, Coca Cola Company and Pepsi Cola have become mega players in the oligopoly market. With less competitors, and the same brand names seeking larger market share, the pricing strategy on a product that sometimes can be found for $1. 00 U. S. , is uniform delivered pricing. (Lamb, Hair, McDaniel, 2012). Since distribution is world wide, the companies prefer to factor in their own freight and production costs, to deliver the price demand that competitors are available to offer. There is a mutual agreement when in a market such as oligopoly.The pricing strategy is still competitive pricing strategy, due to the fact that if Coca Cola decided to lower prices, Pepsi Cola would soon follow suit to stay within the target m arkets price demand. It is also very realistic that when competitors raise or lower prices, the opposing players can decide not to match opposing prices as a strategic stronghold to maintain position in economic market spot. In a recent article from the â€Å"News by Industry†, Pepsi announced a â€Å"festive promotional price cut† and sources close to Coca Cola said that they would not match the cut. (â€Å"Pepsi to Cut†, 2012) Since the beverage commission has very little companies with a lot of buyers, the pricing strategy is competitive and based on competitors pricing.Pricing in this market is very elastic and companies have the ability to change pricing as they wish depending on their geographic locations. The pricing in vending machines can also vary since labor costs do not exist and can basically sell the product all day, every day. The pricing strategy on Coca Colas different product sizes is extremely strategic. Depending on where you purchase the pro duct from, prices will vary. According to a recent poll question asked on Yahoo, â€Å"how much does your Coca Cola cost where your at? †, average cost on a 20oz. bottle of Coke is about $1. 25, average cost for a 2l bottle of Coke is about $1. 10, nationwide. Promotional pricing can be found regularly on 2l bottles and packages with larger per volume products.The pricing strategy is tactical and allows for consumers to feel the need to upgrade to save on price and increase volume. The most expensive form of consumer product purchase is the 5 gallon â€Å"bag in box† form. This concentrated syrup is usually purchased by restaurants/bars industry, and can yield 30 gallons of fresh fountain product. This price also varies on your geographic location and distributor, but on average here in Texas can be purchased from Sam's Club for $69. 83. (Sams, 2012) When sold in restaurants, soft drinks now sell for about $2. 00 for a 10-16oz glass, making it extremely profitable and cost effective to purchase the concentrate.On the other hand, Coca Cola benefits for simply selling the concentrate and less costly forms of packaging. Place Since Coca Cola is one of the most popular soft drinks in the world, distribution is in high demand and in a multitude of channels. The distribution method that is used by Coca Cola is in the Fast Moving Consumer Goods. Here the products do not rely on a long shelf life and due to the moderate and easy pricing, products are in high demand, sell at a high rate and distribution is high. Ranging from mobile vendor carts on the streets to some of the large amusement parks such as Disneyland and 6 Flags, distribution is effective in every form.At the end of the day when added up globally, Coca Cola is at the top of the beverage consumption list. Some of the many distribution channels include the following. Mobile/ cart vendors- mobile vending can satisfy consumers conveniently at their location instead of having the consumer come to a retail store or stand. Provides easier access to consumers in special events or parks with the satisfaction of a cold beverage in any location. Vending Machines- with an occasional restocking visit, a vending machine provides an assortment of products at no labor cost. The vending machine provides product to areas that are remote or not within walking distance to the store, accessibility and great advertising.Vending machines are favorites in schools and business lounge areas. Retail stores / grocery stores- with places such as Wal-mart, this allows for a wide array of variety to be shelved and advertised while selling the product. Coca Cola holds contracts and agreements to provide for strategic placement of their product so that the first visual product such as Coke is in plain site. Competitors products are pushed to the end of the aisles. Hotels, Restaurants, Cafe- This is by far the largest number of consumption since restaurants and bars use a large number of soft drinks an d mixers. Contracts and sponsorships with these locations provide for major distribution.Amusement Parks, Museums, Civic Centers- Areas like Disneyland and 6 Flags over Texas are the biggest types of distribution forms. Amusements Parks hold concerts and special events where the â€Å"official beverage† of the theme park are displayed profoundly. Within the park are restaurants and food courts that are also limited to selling the â€Å"official beverage† adding to the large number of distribution methods. In a recent article provided by Beverage World, â€Å"Six Flags Entertainment Corp. and The Coca-Cola Company have announced a 10-year extension to their partnership agreement, designating Coca-Cola as Six Flags' official beverage sponsor for all domestic parks. (â€Å"Coke, six flags,† 2012) With a partnership agreement of this magnitude, competition is increased due to the large number of exposure and distribution that is provided. Coca Cola has had this sam e contract with 6 Flags for the last 50 years. Any media that is released or furnished by 6 Flags Over Texas, (i. e. Twitter, Facebook, Yahoo) will automatically provide the â€Å"Coca Cola-Official Drink† stamp. With a consistent strategic placement in a venue such as ginormous as an amusement park, it can be said that all of Coca Cola distribution channels undoubtedly cover important areas to contribute to the 1. 8 billion serving per day in over 200 countries. Promotion Communication StrategyA communication strategy is the way in which a company relays information for the products or services to reach the consumers hands and attention. The Coca Cola Company has several strategies which it employs to reach their target market. In order to reach the correct target market a strategic and precise strategy must be applied. Although specific, detailed marketing information could not be obtained, in 2006 roughly $2. 6 billion dollars were used for advertising expenses in pursuit of reaching a solid communication strategy. In 2000, only $1. 7 billion was spent on advertising. (Coca-Cola FAQ. 2012) In my summary the amount of advertising investments paid in relation to dividends generated will be defined.According to a recent article by Forbes Magazine, The Coca Cola Company is at the top of all beverage companies, and ranked #3 among the most powerful brands in the world. Forbes Magazine also estimates Coca Cola's advertising expenses at around 3. 2 billion (Badenhausen, 2012) In order to form a powerful communication strategy, the target audience must be defined. The following target market is what Coca Cola has found to be beneficial for the companies growth. . Young athletes- young athletes are a good source to start with. By increasing product awareness at a young age, you inspire taste bud recollection and a higher return. Young athletes are easier to inspire with promotional ads, billboards and endorsements from professional athletes. More of the sport s drinks and water fits into this category.High School Athletes- High school athletes are constantly looking up to professional collegiate athletes. Adding the endorsement incentive to these young athletes is a primary step in increasing product consumption. Sponsorships Collegiate Athletes- here athletes are influenced by professional figures and the hopes of the Olympics. Endorsement deals are larger here since the competition is fierce with hungry rising, mature individuals. Sponsorships Pro Athletes- Endorsements are the main source of advertising. Professional athletes are the main element of advertising and sports drinks are seen everywhere. Young Adults- Non Athletes- Clubs, bars, and nightclubs are the focal point in order to attract this demographic.Professionals- very open form of market. Basically all elements of the previous demographics factor into the professionals. This is an ongoing form of demographic that derive from the adolescent to present day professional. Larg e Audience- there is no specific market here as it applies to the whole general consumer base as a whole. It is the maximum exposure that creates a large audience base. Olympians- The entire universe participates in these events and are a great source of advertising. Here endorsements here are extremely valuable as athletes are in a world wide arena and competition is extremely fierce. Other- made up of all elements comprisedSales Strategies Coca Cola has several different sales strategies that have actually worked for them numbers wise. According to an article posted by â€Å"The Packaging Digest† in 2011, a recent sales strategy boosted sales by 8% to 2. 2. billion world wide, and actually increased the product price by 3%. (Crocker, 2011) This is a proven method that has given results. The placement of products is strategic. When shopping for health foods, one of the most popular fruits being the bright yellow bananas, you will find â€Å"Dasani† , eco friendly recy cled water bottles right under them. Pairing items like this is a tactic that has proven effective since 2011.Another strategy is one that Coke Zero uses to place their products in the beer section, to encourage the designated driver to consume their products. Finally, the 2 liter coke that is found in the grocery stores near the pre-cooked chicken is also a strategy to make it easier for you to â€Å"grab and go†. Making it easier for people to shop faster is key. Vending machines and coolers with the product before check out are some of the sales strategies that Coca Cola uses to increase sales in a market of $1 products. â€Å"The competition is actually pretty fierce for the overall beverage dollar,†¦ It requires a lot of marketing and promotional support. â€Å"(Crocker, 2011) Sales ApproachIn order for a product to remain within the realm of competition it is necessary for your product to remain as fresh as it was as when you opened it. Coca Cola claims that thei r approach is quite simple in this aspect according to a recent article in the Forbes Magazine. Jeff Tripodi, CMO of Coca Cola, claims that their strategy is innovation. (Dan, 2012) Having a state of the art dispensing machine will increase sales, further connecting with your consumers will also increase your chances at success. One of the recent forms of innovation are the â€Å"Freestyle† dispensing machines that can pour 125 different beverages with a perfect pour each time. Building a strong cultural connection with your geographic area you plan on promoting to is a huge plus in improving overall sales.In order to promote sales a great promotional mix is required to ensure that all advertising expenses are maximized and yield awesome results. The following is promotional mix that includes all of the avenues thru which sales are promoted. Promotional Mix Advertising- commercials, billboards, visual advertisments, vending machines Sales Promotion- Battle of Bands, My Coke R ewards Personal Selling- Coca Cola Representatives Social Media- Facebook, Twitter Communication Channels / Media A recent article on Coca Cola's webpage, March 27, 2012, announced the acceptance speech of the companies induction to the â€Å"Advertising Hall of Fame†. With over 120 years in the beverage business, there is no doubt that Coca Cola has held some very important marketing campaigns.Their first campaign came in the 1920's, with â€Å"The Pause That Refreshes†, then with â€Å"Things Go Better With a Coke† in the 1960's, and present day â€Å"Open Happiness†. Today over 845 million people are connected to Coca Cola via Facebook, 6 billion cell phone subscriptions, and 2. 5 million connected regularly via the webpage. (â€Å"Remarks in acceptance,† 2012) In order for these communication channels and effective marketing efforts to be maximized, a diverse array of marketing efforts are taken into account in the following channels. Promotion al Tasks: Internet Sporting Events Billboards TV Advertising Press Concerts Sales Promos Promotional SWOT Analysis SWOT |Positive |Negative | | |Strengths |Weakness | |Internal |Globally recognized |Product shipment could be damaged | | |Established distribution |Recalled products costly | | |Established Market shares |Endorsements could cost face of the company with a | | |Brand identity |simple mistake | | |Opportunity |Threats | | |unlimited partnerships |Pepsi is the biggest competitor | |External |unlimited new product offerings |the product is inexpensive and easily lose consumers to | | |globally recognized brand |competitors | | |offer beverages for all carbonated or â€Å"un†. |the caffeine and diet craze could prove costly. | Conclusion to Promotional Analysis The Coca Cola Company deals with promotional aspect of their business on a mass communication level. The company usually doesn't know the type of people with whom they are trying to communicate with but rather who their target market is.Careful management of this delicate area can ensure that messages are being met and no clutter of message or mixed signals occurs. The promotional campaigns that the Coca Cola Company is operating grew 20% to 10. 2 billion dollar in the year 2011 so that you can say that it is extremely effective and does work. The Coca Cola Company is represented by everyone who drinks it and when they do, they are literally providing advertising with a profit rather than at an expense. Coca Cola originated in the U. S. A. and has built a brand that has represented many countries during the Olympics. For that reason Coca Cola has had a successful and prosperous lifespan.They have allowed the people that drink the product the opportunity to share in many of its' triumphs during the Olympics and built a brand that is represented by the people who enjoy Coca Cola. References (2012). Coke, six flags extend partnership. Beverage world-Intelligence for the global drinks busine ss, Retrieved from http://www. beverageworld. com/articles/full/15193/coke-six-flags-extend-partnership concentrate-5-gal/185511. ip#desc (2012). how to get your customers to like price segmentation. Upstream commerce, Retrieved from http://upstreamcommerce. com/blog/2012/08/15/customers-price-segmentation 2012). Pepsi to cut 600ml pet bottle price. News by industry, Retrieved from http://articles. economictimes. indiatimes. om/2012-10-05/news/34279675_1_returnable-glass-bottles-coca-cola-cola-category (2012). Remarks in acceptance of the coca cola company’s induction into the advertising hall of fame. (2012). [Print Photo]. Retrieved from http://www. coca-colacompany. com/our-company/acceptance-induction-into-the-advertising-hall-of-fame Badenhausen, K. (2012, 10 02). The worlds most powerful brands. Forbes Magazine, Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/powerful-brands/ Crocker, R. (2011). Sales pop as coke refreshes strategy. The houston chronicle:Packaging digest, Retrie ved from http://www. packagingdigest. com/article/519787- Dan, A. (2012, 03 15). Coca cola's joe tripodi on staying relevant.Forbes Magazine, Retrieved from http://www. forbes. com/sites/avidan/2012/03/15/inside-the-coca-cola-marketing-machine/ Lamb, C. W. , Hair, J. F. , & McDaniel, C. (2012). MKTG 4 (6th ed. ). New York: Cengage. ISBN: 9781133190110 . Sams Club. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. samsclub. com/sams/dr-pepper-syrup- The Coca Cola Company FAQ's. (2012) Retrieved from http:/www. coca-colacompany. com/contact-us/faqs. The coca cola company. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. thecoca-colacompany. com/ourcompany/index. html The Pepsi cola company. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. pepsico. com/ Yahoo (2012). Retrieved from http://yahoo. com ———————– [pic]

Vacant Chapter 2 Window

I'm staring, which is something I don't make a habit of. Eye contact typically invites people into conversations, and I'm not a fan of chit-chat. I stand in the doorway with an awkward pause, like I'm unfamiliar with waving as an appropriate means to say hello. My pause before I answer her is a pace too long, and the situation is somewhat uncomfortable as I stand there waiting for her to offer up more information. More importantly, I want to know why she's knocking on my door, and I hope it's not so we can get to know each other. Since several more seconds pass without further exchange, I finally cave in and offer myself up. â€Å"Hey, I'm Ethan,† I say wanting to keep it simple. I don't want to get sucked into a conversation with her, but I don't want to be rude, either. She can tell I'm a little put out with her presence, so she gets right to the point. The last thing I need is an overly perky neighbor who thinks we're â€Å"pals.† â€Å"Sorry, I was just having trouble getting a window open. It's going to be a hot one, you know, and I don't have the electricity turned on yet. They want some freaking deposit since I don't have a credit history. It's like, ‘Hello, I'm living in a crappy house, in a crappy neighborhood. If I had good credit, I wouldn't be living here.' Anyway, I want to get the window open to get air moving through, and I think it's painted shut. I don't want to be all ‘damsel in distress,' but I can't pry the darn thing open†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My thoughts trail off and I realize this is the most anyone has said to me in years. Perky girl is still talking, but I'm continuously distracted by her mere presence and the fact that her chest spills over the top of her tank. She's pretty cute, but I try not to dwell on her appearance as lustful thoughts won't lead anywhere good. â€Å"So you think you could come help me?† I know I missed some information in there, but I'm not going to ask for clarification or for her to repeat it. â€Å"Sure, no problem.† I follow behind her, but at a safe distance. I don't want the offer of my help and me being polite to some girl mistaken for flirting. It sounds conceited, but it's happened before. It's better not to give them any sense of false hope. I mind my own business and live my life; today will be no exception. She shows me the window in question, and sure enough, it's painted shut. I roll my eyes at the incredibly inept and lazy maintenance people for doing a half-assed paint job. â€Å"Um, I'll be right back. I'll have to get something to cut this open.† I turn to head out her front door, but she stops me. â€Å"Oh, wait. Like a box cutter? I have one of those. I think the maintenance people left it here by mistake.† She rummages in a kitchen drawer then presents me with a paint covered box knife. As I work the window, she asks me several questions related to the area. My answers are succinct since I'm not really receptive to the Getting-to-Know-You game. The â€Å"Twenty Questions† moderator doesn't get the hint though, and keeps on with the game. â€Å"So, how long have you lived here?† â€Å"A few years.† â€Å"Do you know many of the neighbors?† â€Å"I don't talk to the neighbors much, so I don't know anything about them.† I'm hopeful my continued shortness helps her get the hint that I'm not interested in a conversation. â€Å"Wow, you're pretty quiet, huh?† â€Å"Yeah.† â€Å"So, what do you do for fun?† I'm caught off guard by her question. I can't recall when I've had fun, so I'm not sure how to respond. I stand up straight, rolling my shoulders back and craning my neck in a stretch, attempting to buy a little time for my answer. While I don't particularly care what this girl thinks of me, I don't want to come off like a total loser, either. â€Å"Look, I'm sorry,† she says. â€Å"I didn't mean to pry. I've bothered you enough this morning. You've been so nice, helping me out and all. I'm gonna†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she trails off and I go back to working the window, popping it open a few seconds later. â€Å"I'll see you around,† I tell her, raising the window to its fully open state. She quickly dismisses me with another small wave, and I leave to go back to my own little corner of the earth. Despite the fact that I've been in her unit for less than five minutes, it doesn't escape my notice that there's no furniture or a TV, just a mattress on the floor of her bedroom. Maybe the moving truck with her stuff hasn't arrived yet, I think to myself. In the back of my mind, I know there isn't more stuff coming. People like us don't have stuff or the need for moving trucks. I'm lying in bed, thinking about the stupid question she asked me. â€Å"What do you do for fun?† How could such a simple question send me into a tailspin? That's when I hear a whimper. It's been a while since anyone's lived next door, and the last guy who lived there was never home, so I'm used to quiet. The walls are thin in apartments like this, cheaply built and economically priced rental units. Much expense was spared in their construction. I'm certain we share no more than a few two-by-fours and two slabs of sheetrock as the wall. It doesn't provide any more privacy than that found between bedrooms in the same home instead of two separate residences. I turn my head, thinking it will improve my ability to discern what I think I'm hearing. It doesn't, but then I hear muted sobbing. That can only mean one thing – new neighbor girl is crying. I turn away, wanting the sound to stop; I don't want to be involved. The next morning shows no signs of life from my neighbor, but that's no surprise. The noise coming from her side of the duplex kept me up well into the night, so I'm sure she's sleeping in. I, on the other hand, take part in my free exercise routine – running. I do this early in the morning for two reasons: one, I avoid those who may feel the need to hassle me for money. They are not early risers, as hassling is a mid-morning and post-lunch activity. Two, it gets hot as fuck here in the summer, and running in 105 degree temperatures is just stupid. I crest the hill on my street, nearly completing my three miles, and see her setting out the trash. New girl is looking around nervously, probably in hopes of going undetected since she's barely dressed in her tiny shorts and tank top. It's not leaving a whole hell of a lot to the imagination, and my mind wanders as I catch a glimpse at her ass. I see her throw a couple of empty boxes to the curb then turn and rush inside. I'm close enough that I can see the blackened bottoms of her feet as she scurries inside, then wonder how often she goes without shoes. A few days pass before I see her again as I return from my run. This time she's leaving a few plastic grocery sacks out for the trash. Once again, she's dressed in the same tank and shorts she wore on Sunday. After my cool down stretch, I make my way inside and gather my things to shower. Only then does it occur to me that I haven't heard the water turn on in neighbor girl's unit at any point since she moved in, not even a toilet flush. The only sound I hear from her side of the wall is the crying each night. I recall her statement about not having electricity. I'm guessing she doesn't have the water turned on yet, either. A knot forms in my stomach. Don't get involved. Keep things simple. Take care of yourself! I can't help it and walk out my door, knocking on hers seconds later. It takes a moment before I realize I'm only wearing my shorts, but it's too late. She opens the door a crack and eyes me. â€Å"Ethan,† she greets, and then opens the door a little wider, looking around cautiously. â€Å"Emily, right?† â€Å"Yeah. What's up?† She's smiling again, just like when we met. â€Å"I noticed that you, um†¦don't have electricity yet, and you don't have water either, huh?† She bites the inside of her cheek nervously. â€Å"No.† Her reply is so small, just like she is, and I can tell she's embarrassed. â€Å"Come on,† I say, motioning for her to follow me. â€Å"You can shower and wash your clothes at my place. I pay a flat fee for the water, so you using it won't cost me any more money.† Don't get involved. Keep things simple. Take care of yourself! It's too late, though. I'm already involved. It's no longer simple, and for the first time ever, I'm offering to care for someone other than myself.

Ameresco Inc.(AMRC) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ameresco Inc.(AMRC) - Research Paper Example important to explain that current ratio under 1 indicates that a company does not have enough money which can be used in financing its daily operations or activities. A high current ratio is good for the organization. During the same period, the quick ratio of Ameresco was 0.98 (Ameresco Inc, 2015). This is a good indication, and it means that the company has enough liquidity, to meet its short term liabilities. On the other hand, the debt/equity ratio of the company is 0.37 (Ameresco Inc, 2015). This is a very low figure, which denotes that the company does not use debts for purposes of financing its operations. Based on this analysis, it is important to explain that the financial health of Ameresco as per the year 2012/2013 was very good. The major competitor of Ameresco is Johnson Controls. Johnson Controls is one of the Fortune 500 companies, and it has an employee base, of around 170,000 people. Due to its large size, it enjoys the benefits of economies of scale, in comparison to Ameresco. As of 2013, the current ratio of the company was 1.13 (Johnson Controls Inc, 2015). This is a lower figure compared to that of Ameresco, which stood at 1.90. This is an indication that Ameresco had a better capability of catering to its short term liabilities, when compared to Johnson Controls. In the same year, the quick ratio of the company was 0.68 (Johnson Controls Inc, 2015). This is a very low figure compared to Ameresco, and it is an indication that the company is struggling to pay off its bills. The debt to equity ratio of the company for the year 2013 was 0.37 (Johnson Controls Inc, 2015). This figure is the same, compared to that of Ameresco, and it is an indication that the company does not rely on debt to finance its operations. Based on this analysis, it is important t o explain that despite the large size of Johnson Controls, Ameresco has a better financial health. The uses of ratios, currency evaluations, capital budgeting and financial leverages are

Gross National Income of different countries Statistics Project

Gross National Income of different countries - Statistics Project Example Data was collected by the World Bank Organisation about the Gross National Income, expressed in purchasing power parity dollars to adjust for price level differences across countries. The data is not adjusted for inflation. There are values for each year from 2001 -2009 for each country. The numbers are measured in millions of dollars. Analysis is conducted taking the 2008 values only. The data has been acquired from the World Bank Organisation. The analysis is conducted on the data for the year 2008. The data is a sample of Gross National Income of selected 173 countries. The methods employed are analysis of summary statistics, analysis of frequency table and histogram and the analysis of line graph of Gross National Income. Results In accordance with the descriptive statistics demonstrated in Table 1, the following relation can be ascertained: Mean > Median > Mode = 12668 > 7270 > 4860 . This relationship shows that the data is positively skewed. This in turn means that the number of countries with low Gross National Income is higher as compared to those higher Gross National Income. Mean is a measure of the central tendency that is outlier biased. The statistical Median represents centre value of the data. Mode actually represents the majority values in the data. In this case the Median seems more appropriate to be focused as the central tendency as Mean seems to deliver an impression that the GNI of all countries is good whereas the Mode value paints an opposite picture. The Line Graph of Gross National Income asserts the selection of Median as a central tendency as the majority of spikes are almost at same level i.e. around 40,000. The exceptions are quiet evident in the above mentioned graph due to which the Mean cannot be selected as the central tendency. The value of Standard deviation is also high due to these exceptions. The Histogram (Figure 1) of the frequency table (Table 2) shows an asymptotic decay in the frequencies. As a result of which it can be claimed that the data is following Exponential Distribution. Conclusion It is concluded that as the rat e of Gross National Income is proceeding towards higher degree, the number of countries on the scale is diminishing. The frequency table (Table 2) highlights the lower Gross National Income recorded for the majority of countries. Part 2 Correlation and Regression: Data was

Global Climatic Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Climatic Change - Essay Example The countries were primarily divided into two main categories according to their economic prosperity: the developed and the developing countries. The level of influence created by these countries was estimated and was concluded that developed countries are mainly responsible for harmful emissions. The high ranked developed countries were asserted to take the lead in combating climate change as they are equipped with the necessary resources and the best possible practices to combat the global threat. The first priority of developed countries is to explore the best practices to have a check on the emission levels from their industry sectors which contribute to the global warming. The awareness levels have to create in the developed countries to educate the industry lot about the ill affects of the global warming. The future industrial growth has to be susta1inable in empowering the human kind in a better mode of safety practices. The UN has concluded that the system that has caused the ill effect of global warming has to be cautioned to make them reciprocate to sooth the ill effects. The members of the UN have arrived at a point that the global cause cannot be perceived literally in the same mode for every other country and region. The countries have a very unique identity regarding the climate, the living standard, the industrialization standards, the ecosystems, the yearly climatic changes, the emission levels of various harmful gases into the environment, the climatic absorption levels of the gases at different region have to taken under consideration. After looking at all the issues and concerns the UN has arrived at phrase "common but differentiated responsibilities" as per the future ultimate challenge. The cause is global warming and the effect is on the entire globe fraternity. The inner sense of the phrase is that the respective countries have to react according to their indigenous issues and the contributions levels to the global warming. The responsibilities levels will change according to the contribution levels. The level of focus has to be amended according the requirement at the region. The issues and concerns with respect to the countries are to be tuned up to the global cause of the warming. The countries which agree with the treaty have signed on a universal oath document to abide the responsibilities. The countries were given the authority to handle the native concerns in view with the UN policy frame work. More than half of the countries has signed the agreement to contribute to the global cause and was opened for more countries to join. The main significant points asserted in the accord are: Acknowledging2 the reason and educating about the major areas which would effect by climate change. The countries declare that it is a major issue that would the prosperity of their region. Creating a sense of concern on every system involved in contributing to warming. Different countries irrespective of their pollution contribution should be aware that the neighboring countries industrialization would certainly carry to their expanse. Concerned that human quest for robust environment has enables many allied adversities along with the comfort that would effect in a long run questioning the identity of human existence. The countries are now concerned about the kind of human products and services contributing to the global

Your Career Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Your Career Development - Essay Example Furthermore, I will present an analysis of how my decision related to career has influenced my career prospects – both in the positive and negative ways – and what have I achieved so far. Introduction It will seem odd to say that I have quite a few MBA’s in my family and I have seen them struggle. Since MBA is a family thing I never had much of a choice, but when I got in and decided that I will make best of what I had; I also resolved in my mind that I will do more, and something worthwhile with my life and career, not sit around waiting for someone to offer me a job. Having my own business set up, however small it might be, was the ultimate solution for me. Hard work has never been bothersome to me, but to wait upon others to recognize my potential and tell me what to do is just not my cup of tea. I made up my mind with regard to my career before I joined the MBA, but I never meant to study to get a job, having a business of my own is the ultimate goal for me. My career anchors, lifeline, Wheels of life, strengths exercise and integration allow me to look closely into the choices I have made and the extent to which they favor my career choice. Personal and Career Purpose While thinking about the personal and career purposes I have to take family and work together. I chose to study MBA for lack of choice and to show respect to what my family thought best for me. Seeing the way many MBA’s suffer while waiting for a job I decided that I had to make myself self-sufficient, so much so, that I shouldn’t have to wait for a salary to run my house hold and to fulfill my and my family’s needs. Starting a business from scratch is no easy task, thus I decided to first take advantage of my MBA to gain necessary understanding of how things work in the business world. The course modules have given me an insight into the business world and have made me firm on my decision rather than weakening my resolve. Courses like entrepreneurshi p, HRM, Supply Chain have provided me with a clear and detailed understanding of the functionalities and complexities faced in the world of business. But I still believe that I lack in understanding of how to make things happen for me when it comes to starting a business from scratch and running it successfully. The severity of competition is becoming even more evident with the crisis threatening businesses all around. After an MBA, I consider it necessary to take courses that offer understanding of starting a business. Free courses and certifications are available online to take. These courses provide with all kinds of information on businesses, financing, accounts and marketing strategies (Norman). Online workshops along with videos from the IRS are also an instrumental tool towards gaining the understanding of personal business (Norman). Such courses and research are free and only require an investment of time. Significance of My Own Business My own business holds significance fo r me in multiple ways. I have always aspired to be unique and to stand out. I enjoy being unique and creating uniqueness. My business will be my own; unique and innovative. Allowing me the freedom of choice I crave. I realized also how much this business is significant to me as I studied about the recession during my classes and how people have been losing their jobs. So many jobless people and such limited opportunities, made me think of creating my own circle of opportunity which will not only make me self-sufficient but also will allow me to help other jobless people by recruiting them. My key anchors, independence, sense of service and entrepreneurship enabled me to realize how significant this venture is for me. Whose Support Will Matter? Rome was not

Generating Binary Phase Shift Keying Lab Report

Generating Binary Phase Shift Keying - Lab Report Example Normally, each of the phases is encoded equal bits. The demodulator is designed primarily for symbol-set to be used by the modulator. This modulator is used in determining the phase of the signal received mapping it back to the symbol that it represents. It, therefore, requires the receiver to compare the received signal phase to the reference signal. This system is termed as coherent. This paper explores an experimental set up in which an IQ modulator is used to generate the Binary Phase-shift keying while investigating the effect of phase shift on the residual carrier magnitude. Aims and objectives. A To appreciate the principle of phase shift keying and its relationship with the analogue phase modulation. B. To generate the two-level of phase shift keyed signal and investigate the spectrum and bandwidth associated with it. C. To investigate the demodulation of an FSK signal using the Residual carrier D. To understand the operation of the costals Loop circuit for phase demodulation E. To investigate the demodulation of 90 degree FSK signal using a costals Loop and using Schematic diagram of an IQ modulator connected to Residual carrier Equipment used and Practical configuration In this experiment, the list of apparatus that were used include the sine cosine generator, variable attenuator, multiplier, IQ modulator connected to a residual carrier, costal loop block diagram that has low pass filters and Limiters and the circuits that operate like comparators. The apparatus were configured as shown below. Schematic diagram of an IQ modulator connected to Residual carrier Schematic circuit of a double costal loop Procedure The frequency counter was opened and used to set the Function Generator Frequency to 15KHz .The phasescope main channel probe was then moved to the 1 carrier input. The phasescope was then opened and while using the Variable phase shift control associated with the Carrier Source, the IQ carrier phase difference was set to 90 degrees. The phase s cope main channel was moved to the phase modulator output monitor point 4 and set to constellation display mode. The signal Level Control was then used in adjusting the amplitude of modulation. This was followed by setting the X expand on the oscilloscope to observe the individual carrier cycles. The spectrum analyzer was opened and used to observe the phase scope. The signal Level Control was then used in adjusting the modulation. The modulation was increased to give a total shift towards 180 degrees, while adjusting the spectrum analyzer. Finally, with the shift at plus and minus 90 degrees, the oscilloscope display was observed and the instrumentation screen shots were captured. The diagram bellow shows the experimental set up Results The results for this experiment are presented below. - AC p-p set to 0.3v / frequency set at 15kHz. Instead of setting the phases at -90 and +90 degrees, in this experiment -45 and +45 degrees were used since the prior could not be achieved and it i s as shown below. Changing the amplitude of the modulation can vary the phase shift. Concentrating on the blue output (carrier) is switches the phase by 180 degrees The carrier and the sidebands as seen during this experiment. A total phase shift of near to 90 degrees (45 + 45) Spectrum analyser showing the carrier frequency and two sidebands. When the phase shift was put to 180 degrees the carrier frequency on the spectrum analyzer fails to be distinguishable. Second attempt This shows the oscilloscope with the

Fundamentals of Effective Communication in the Workplace Coursework

Fundamentals of Effective Communication in the Workplace - Coursework Example This reason was earlier provided to the class by the lecturer. The teacher carefully listened to my claim and then accepted his mistake and corrected my answer as well as increased my grade. Communication is said to be effective if the message and the meaning that the sender of the message wants to provide to the receiver is similar to the meaning and the message that the receiver attains. Most important part of effective communication is the feedback that is received from the receiver of the message. If the message is understood by the receiver and his response is similar to the expected response of the sender, the message is said to have been communicated in an effective manner (Borkowski 72). In the above incident effective communication took place because the purpose for which I talked to my instructor of accepting that my answer was correct and then adjusting my grade effectively was attained. The change of the grade by the instructor is the feedback that I expected and received from my instructor. Another reason due to which I perceive that my message was effectively communicated is that my instructor had allotted sincere effort and time to listen to me. In order for effective communication to take place it is essential that an individual listens to what is being said and then taking any action (Guffey 22). My instructor became a very good listener when I described him the problem and then only he took the corrective action. I even perceive that my communication was effective in nature because I selected the right medium for communicating my message. I could have used other ways such as writing a letter to the instructor or an email. But I choose to talk to him face to face because without this medium I would not have been able to discuss the issue in detail (Guffey 107). The corrective measures that were taken by my teacher made me feel that the educational institute has an

Some Issues of Global Finance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Some Issues of Global Finance - Assignment Example Normally, there are no risks of exchange rate crises and the system does not need government intervention in achieving the outcomes. They are normally variable since sometimes bandwagons and other speculative behavior drives and determines demand. It can also be so because exchange rates sometimes overshoot their long-run values.   The market corrects the rate automatically reflecting inflation and other market conditions influencing the economy.   Crawling peg: In this system, a currency links its value to another but gives it fluctuation limits and is immensely valuable if a currency linking itself has expectations of being volatile exceptionally, hence allowing itself to fluctuate to a level acceptable under the conditions. In this system, the authorities determine the value around which the currency can fluctuate.   Fixed exchange rate system. Here, the currency has direct convertibility towards another currency with the government trying to keep the value constant against the other currency. The government decrees the worth of its currency against the value of another, plus rules of the exchange. - Advantages and disadvantages of the Floating rate exchange system.   - Advantages. Flexibility, which enhances the capability of the country market economy to pick up and adjust quickly to the changing market conditions, is the main advantage of this system.   In case of a violation of the balance of payments deficit, this system of exchange allows for adjustment of outflow and/or inflow making either domestic or foreign goods more competitive depending on whether there was appreciation or depreciation in the currency market. Another advantage is the automatic determination of interest rates within the country, allowing efficient control of the economic balance. A country gets insulated from unemployment problems in other countries. This is because currency exchange rate adjustments normally serve as protection against the exportation of financial problems to other countries.   - Disadvantages. This system does not stimulate trade development and production, hence leading to market instability. Further, it destabilizes the financial situations and leads to economic crises. This causes uncertainty in trade; it may be uncertain to entrepreneurs the amount of money they get by selling their goods abroad or their prices in foreign countries. Likewise, importation will be uncertain since they may never know the cost of importing foreign goods. Another disadvantage is that the uncertainty it causes may discourage investment either internally or externally.   Additionally, it leads to speculation which is a serious economic destabilization since the speculative flows may contradict the trade flow patterns.

Computer science & ethics - research & analysis paper

Computer science & ethics - & analysis - Research Paper Example Purchasing of one single copy of the software can enable to form several copies of software reducing the cost effectively. This kind of activities significant hinders the ethics of computer science. Software piracy is a major issue as it affects the business, colleges and also students (DeRoos, n.d.). Software is a program that helps in running the hardware. It is also an operating system that facilitates in controlling the hardware. The software operates on disks and it is used in the memory when required. Software often incurs various errors which hamper the process of operations of a computer system. The software errors lead to the reduction of the quality and reduce the process of computing. The software errors bring about inconsistencies, time wastage as well as displays bugs i.e. disappearing of the cursors, misleading information and communication. These can be identified through the use of software error techniques (Netgear, 2014). Correspondingly, hardware is a type of electronic device which is physical in nature. The hardware error is associated with the breakdown of hardware constituents in the computer system. The hardware error is of two forms i.e. corrected errors and uncorrected errors. The source of any of hardware error essentially is its hardware units that create a hurdle in the operating system (Netgear, 2014; Microsoft, 2013). A blend of persistent memory and program code is known as firmware. In other words, it is a mix of software along with hardware. Firmware is accountable for the low level operations for the device to function. Without the firmware, the system becomes completely non-functional. The firmware errors affect the operating process, the security level and also the hardware. The firmware errors are reflected in the fax and emails and one of the common firmware errors is ‘900 firmware error’ (Netgear, 2014; Ganssle, 2004). The paper

DNS servers Essay Example for Free

DNS servers Essay Name resolution requests, such as navigating in studentserver. college. edu, can be initiated by both DNS clients and DNS servers. There are two ways to resolve queries in the FQDN: recursive (where the DNS client requires the DNS server to respond with the IP address of the request or an error message that the requested name does not exist) and iterative (which uses zone information and its cache to return the best possible answer to the client and can be referred to another DNS server). The process of resolving DNS to resolve the FQDN involves: 1. sending a recursive query to the local DNS server; 2. checking its local cache to determine whether the name has recently been resolved. If there is an entry in the local cache, the IP address is returned to the client before forwarding the request to a root server; 3. sending an iterative query to a root name server if no entry exists in the cache for a hostname; 4. the root name server referring the DNS server to a name server responsible for the first-level domain within the hostname; 5. referring the original DNS server to second-level DNS servers, and then third-level DNS servers, until one of them can resolve the hostname to an IP address and return the results back to the client. For DNS forwarders, the following process is followed: 1. The DNS server attempts to resolve the request using its local cache and zone information 2. If it can’t be resolved locally, the DNS server sends a recursive query to the forwarding DNS server 3. If the forwarder does not respond in its attempt to resolve the query, the DNS server attempts to resolve the request by contacting the appropriate DNS server, as specified in the root hints.